\chapter{Building C and \Cpp{} Extensions on Windows \label{building-on-windows}} This chapter briefly explains how to create a Windows extension module for Python using Microsoft Visual \Cpp, and follows with more detailed background information on how it works. The explanatory material is useful for both the Windows programmer learning to build Python extensions and the \UNIX{} programmer interested in producing software which can be successfully built on both \UNIX{} and Windows. \section{A Cookbook Approach \label{win-cookbook}} There are two approaches to building extension modules on Windows, just as there are on \UNIX: use the \refmodule{distutils} package to control the build process, or do things manually. The distutils approach works well for most extensions; documentation on using \refmodule{distutils} to build and package extension modules is available in \citetitle[../dist/dist.html]{Distributing Python Modules}. This section describes the manual approach to building Python extensions written in C or \Cpp. To build extensions using these instructions, you need to have a copy of the Python sources of the same version as your installed Python. You will need Microsoft Visual \Cpp{} ``Developer Studio''; project files are supplied for V\Cpp{} version 6, but you can use older versions of V\Cpp. The example files described here are distributed with the Python sources in the \file{PC\textbackslash example_nt\textbackslash} directory. \begin{enumerate} \item \strong{Copy the example files}\\ The \file{example_nt} directory is a subdirectory of the \file{PC} directory, in order to keep all the PC-specific files under the same directory in the source distribution. However, the \file{example_nt} directory can't actually be used from this location. You first need to copy or move it up one level, so that \file{example_nt} is a sibling of the \file{PC} and \file{Include} directories. Do all your work from within this new location. \item \strong{Open the project}\\ From V\Cpp, use the \menuselection{File \sub Open Workspace} dialog (not \menuselection{File \sub Open}!). Navigate to and select the file \file{example.dsw}, in the \emph{copy} of the \file{example_nt} directory you made above. Click Open. \item \strong{Build the example DLL}\\ In order to check that everything is set up right, try building: \begin{enumerate} \item Select a configuration. This step is optional. Choose \menuselection{Build \sub Select Active Configuration} and select either ``example - Win32 Release'' or ``example - Win32 Debug.'' If you skip this step, V\Cpp{} will use the Debug configuration by default. \item Build the DLL. Choose \menuselection{Build \sub Build example_d.dll} in Debug mode, or \menuselection{Build \sub Build example.dll} in Release mode. This creates all intermediate and result files in a subdirectory called either \file{Debug} or \file{Release}, depending on which configuration you selected in the preceding step. \end{enumerate} \item \strong{Testing the debug-mode DLL}\\ Once the Debug build has succeeded, bring up a DOS box, and change to the \file{example_nt\textbackslash Debug} directory. You should now be able to repeat the following session (\code{C>} is the DOS prompt, \code{>\code{>}>} is the Python prompt; note that build information and various debug output from Python may not match this screen dump exactly): \begin{verbatim} C>..\..\PCbuild\python_d Adding parser accelerators ... Done. Python 2.2 (#28, Dec 19 2001, 23:26:37) [MSC 32 bit (Intel)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> import example [4897 refs] >>> example.foo() Hello, world [4903 refs] >>> \end{verbatim} Congratulations! You've successfully built your first Python extension module. \item \strong{Cretating your own project}\\ Choose a name and create a directory for it. Copy your C sources into it. Note that the module source file name does not necessarily have to match the module name, but the name of the initialization function should match the module name --- you can only import a module \module{spam} if its initialization function is called \cfunction{initspam()}, and it should call \cfunction{Py_InitModule()} with the string \code{"spam"} as its first argument (use the minimal \file{example.c} in this directory as a guide). By convention, it lives in a file called \file{spam.c} or \file{spammodule.c}. The output file should be called \file{spam.dll} or \file{spam.pyd} (the latter is supported to avoid confusion with a system library \file{spam.dll} to which your module could be a Python interface) in Release mode, or \file{spam_d.dll} or \file{spam_d.pyd} in Debug mode. Now your options are: \begin{enumerate} \item Copy \file{example.dsw} and \file{example.dsp}, rename them to \file{spam.*}, and edit them by hand, or \item Create a brand new project; instructions are below. \end{enumerate} In either case, copy \file{example_nt\textbackslash example.def} to \file{spam\textbackslash spam.def}, and edit the new \file{spam.def} so its second line contains the string `\code{initspam}'. If you created a new project yourself, add the file \file{spam.def} to the project now. (This is an annoying little file with only two lines. An alternative approach is to forget about the \file{.def} file, and add the option \programopt{/export:initspam} somewhere to the Link settings, by manually editing the setting in Project Options dialog). \item \strong{Creating a brand new project}\\ Use the \menuselection{File \sub New \sub Projects} dialog to create a new Project Workspace. Select ``Win32 Dynamic-Link Library,'' enter the name (\samp{spam}), and make sure the Location is set to the \file{spam} directory you have created (which should be a direct subdirectory of the Python build tree, a sibling of \file{Include} and \file{PC}). Select Win32 as the platform (in my version, this is the only choice). Make sure the Create new workspace radio button is selected. Click OK. Now open the \menuselection{Project \sub Settings} dialog. You only need to change a few settings. Make sure All Configurations is selected from the Settings for: dropdown list. Select the C/\Cpp{} tab. Choose the Preprocessor category in the popup menu at the top. Type the following text in the entry box labeled Addditional include directories: \begin{verbatim} ..\Include,..\PC \end{verbatim} Then, choose the Input category in the Link tab, and enter \begin{verbatim} ..\PCbuild \end{verbatim} in the text box labelled ``Additional library path.'' Now you need to add some mode-specific settings: Select ``Win32 Release'' in the ``Settings for'' dropdown list. Click the Link tab, choose the Input Category, and append \code{python22.lib} to the list in the ``Object/library modules'' box. Select ``Win32 Debug'' in the ``Settings for'' dropdown list, and append \code{python22_d.lib} to the list in the ``Object/library modules'' box. Then click the C/\Cpp{} tab, select ``Code Generation'' from the Category dropdown list, and select ``Debug Multithreaded DLL'' from the ``Use run-time library'' dropdown list. Select ``Win32 Release'' again from the ``Settings for'' dropdown list. Select ``Multithreaded DLL'' from the ``Use run-time library:'' dropdown list. You should now create the file spam.def as instructed in the previous section. Then chose the \menuselection{Insert \sub Files into Project} dialog. Set the pattern to \code{*.*} and select both \file{spam.c} and \file{spam.def} and click OK. (Inserting them one by one is fine too.) \end{enumerate} If your module creates a new type, you may have trouble with this line: \begin{verbatim} PyObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type) \end{verbatim} Change it to: \begin{verbatim} PyObject_HEAD_INIT(NULL) \end{verbatim} and add the following to the module initialization function: \begin{verbatim} MyObject_Type.ob_type = &PyType_Type; \end{verbatim} Refer to section 3 of the \citetitle[http://www.python.org/doc/FAQ.html]{Python FAQ} for details on why you must do this. \section{Differences Between \UNIX{} and Windows \label{dynamic-linking}} \sectionauthor{Chris Phoenix}{cphoenix@best.com} \UNIX{} and Windows use completely different paradigms for run-time loading of code. Before you try to build a module that can be dynamically loaded, be aware of how your system works. In \UNIX, a shared object (\file{.so}) file contains code to be used by the program, and also the names of functions and data that it expects to find in the program. When the file is joined to the program, all references to those functions and data in the file's code are changed to point to the actual locations in the program where the functions and data are placed in memory. This is basically a link operation. In Windows, a dynamic-link library (\file{.dll}) file has no dangling references. Instead, an access to functions or data goes through a lookup table. So the DLL code does not have to be fixed up at runtime to refer to the program's memory; instead, the code already uses the DLL's lookup table, and the lookup table is modified at runtime to point to the functions and data. In \UNIX, there is only one type of library file (\file{.a}) which contains code from several object files (\file{.o}). During the link step to create a shared object file (\file{.so}), the linker may find that it doesn't know where an identifier is defined. The linker will look for it in the object files in the libraries; if it finds it, it will include all the code from that object file. In Windows, there are two types of library, a static library and an import library (both called \file{.lib}). A static library is like a \UNIX{} \file{.a} file; it contains code to be included as necessary. An import library is basically used only to reassure the linker that a certain identifier is legal, and will be present in the program when the DLL is loaded. So the linker uses the information from the import library to build the lookup table for using identifiers that are not included in the DLL. When an application or a DLL is linked, an import library may be generated, which will need to be used for all future DLLs that depend on the symbols in the application or DLL. Suppose you are building two dynamic-load modules, B and C, which should share another block of code A. On \UNIX, you would \emph{not} pass \file{A.a} to the linker for \file{B.so} and \file{C.so}; that would cause it to be included twice, so that B and C would each have their own copy. In Windows, building \file{A.dll} will also build \file{A.lib}. You \emph{do} pass \file{A.lib} to the linker for B and C. \file{A.lib} does not contain code; it just contains information which will be used at runtime to access A's code. In Windows, using an import library is sort of like using \samp{import spam}; it gives you access to spam's names, but does not create a separate copy. On \UNIX, linking with a library is more like \samp{from spam import *}; it does create a separate copy. \section{Using DLLs in Practice \label{win-dlls}} \sectionauthor{Chris Phoenix}{cphoenix@best.com} Windows Python is built in Microsoft Visual \Cpp; using other compilers may or may not work (though Borland seems to). The rest of this section is MSV\Cpp{} specific. When creating DLLs in Windows, you must pass \file{python15.lib} to the linker. To build two DLLs, spam and ni (which uses C functions found in spam), you could use these commands: \begin{verbatim} cl /LD /I/python/include spam.c ../libs/python15.lib cl /LD /I/python/include ni.c spam.lib ../libs/python15.lib \end{verbatim} The first command created three files: \file{spam.obj}, \file{spam.dll} and \file{spam.lib}. \file{Spam.dll} does not contain any Python functions (such as \cfunction{PyArg_ParseTuple()}), but it does know how to find the Python code thanks to \file{python15.lib}. The second command created \file{ni.dll} (and \file{.obj} and \file{.lib}), which knows how to find the necessary functions from spam, and also from the Python executable. Not every identifier is exported to the lookup table. If you want any other modules (including Python) to be able to see your identifiers, you have to say \samp{_declspec(dllexport)}, as in \samp{void _declspec(dllexport) initspam(void)} or \samp{PyObject _declspec(dllexport) *NiGetSpamData(void)}. Developer Studio will throw in a lot of import libraries that you do not really need, adding about 100K to your executable. To get rid of them, use the Project Settings dialog, Link tab, to specify \emph{ignore default libraries}. Add the correct \file{msvcrt\var{xx}.lib} to the list of libraries.