diff --git a/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst b/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst index 7d6a84e159a..0672253471b 100644 --- a/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst +++ b/Doc/distutils/apiref.rst @@ -1907,9 +1907,9 @@ Subclasses of :class:`Command` must define the following methods. that is designed to run with both Python 2.x and 3.x, add:: try: - from distutils.command.build_py import build_py_2to3 as build_py + from distutils.command.build_py import build_py_2to3 as build_py except ImportError: - from distutils.command.build_py import build_py + from distutils.command.build_py import build_py to your setup.py, and later:: diff --git a/Doc/faq/design.rst b/Doc/faq/design.rst index c42cccb59d6..1b6cd7e2413 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/design.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/design.rst @@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ where in Python you're forced to write this:: line = f.readline() if not line: break - ... # do something with line + ... # do something with line The reason for not allowing assignment in Python expressions is a common, hard-to-find bug in those other languages, caused by this construct: @@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ generally less robust than the "while True" solution:: line = f.readline() while line: - ... # do something with line... + ... # do something with line... line = f.readline() The problem with this is that if you change your mind about exactly how you get @@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ objects using the ``for`` statement. For example, :term:`file objects ` support the iterator protocol, so you can write simply:: for line in f: - ... # do something with line... + ... # do something with line... @@ -577,8 +577,10 @@ other structure). :: class ListWrapper: def __init__(self, the_list): self.the_list = the_list + def __eq__(self, other): return self.the_list == other.the_list + def __hash__(self): l = self.the_list result = 98767 - len(l)*555 @@ -619,7 +621,7 @@ it and returns it. For example, here's how to iterate over the keys of a dictionary in sorted order:: for key in sorted(mydict): - ... # do whatever with mydict[key]... + ... # do whatever with mydict[key]... How do you specify and enforce an interface spec in Python? @@ -675,11 +677,11 @@ languages. For example:: class label(Exception): pass # declare a label try: - ... - if condition: raise label() # goto label - ... + ... + if condition: raise label() # goto label + ... except label: # where to goto - pass + pass ... This doesn't allow you to jump into the middle of a loop, but that's usually diff --git a/Doc/faq/library.rst b/Doc/faq/library.rst index 2f82a0c8609..b5fdfa42cdb 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/library.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/library.rst @@ -257,7 +257,8 @@ all the threads to finish:: import threading, time def thread_task(name, n): - for i in range(n): print(name, i) + for i in range(n): + print(name, i) for i in range(10): T = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(str(i), i)) @@ -273,7 +274,8 @@ A simple fix is to add a tiny sleep to the start of the run function:: def thread_task(name, n): time.sleep(0.001) # <--------------------! - for i in range(n): print(name, i) + for i in range(n): + print(name, i) for i in range(10): T = threading.Thread(target=thread_task, args=(str(i), i)) @@ -502,8 +504,8 @@ in big-endian format from a file:: import struct with open(filename, "rb") as f: - s = f.read(8) - x, y, z = struct.unpack(">hhl", s) + s = f.read(8) + x, y, z = struct.unpack(">hhl", s) The '>' in the format string forces big-endian data; the letter 'h' reads one "short integer" (2 bytes), and 'l' reads one "long integer" (4 bytes) from the @@ -681,10 +683,10 @@ Yes. Here's a simple example that uses urllib.request:: import urllib.request - ### build the query string + # build the query string qs = "First=Josephine&MI=Q&Last=Public" - ### connect and send the server a path + # connect and send the server a path req = urllib.request.urlopen('http://www.some-server.out-there' '/cgi-bin/some-cgi-script', data=qs) with req: @@ -740,8 +742,9 @@ varies between systems; sometimes it is ``/usr/lib/sendmail``, sometimes ``/usr/sbin/sendmail``. The sendmail manual page will help you out. Here's some sample code:: - SENDMAIL = "/usr/sbin/sendmail" # sendmail location import os + + SENDMAIL = "/usr/sbin/sendmail" # sendmail location p = os.popen("%s -t -i" % SENDMAIL, "w") p.write("To: receiver@example.com\n") p.write("Subject: test\n") diff --git a/Doc/faq/programming.rst b/Doc/faq/programming.rst index 567614c8b87..461a65b3dd9 100644 --- a/Doc/faq/programming.rst +++ b/Doc/faq/programming.rst @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ functions), e.g.:: >>> squares = [] >>> for x in range(5): - ... squares.append(lambda: x**2) + ... squares.append(lambda: x**2) This gives you a list that contains 5 lambdas that calculate ``x**2``. You might expect that, when called, they would return, respectively, ``0``, ``1``, @@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ lambdas, so that they don't rely on the value of the global ``x``:: >>> squares = [] >>> for x in range(5): - ... squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2) + ... squares.append(lambda n=x: n**2) Here, ``n=x`` creates a new variable ``n`` local to the lambda and computed when the lambda is defined so that it has the same value that ``x`` had at @@ -539,7 +539,7 @@ desired effect in a number of ways. args['a'] = 'new-value' # args is a mutable dictionary args['b'] = args['b'] + 1 # change it in-place - args = {'a':' old-value', 'b': 99} + args = {'a': 'old-value', 'b': 99} func3(args) print(args['a'], args['b']) @@ -655,16 +655,15 @@ Essentially, assignment always binds a name to a value; The same is true of ``def`` and ``class`` statements, but in that case the value is a callable. Consider the following code:: - class A: - pass - - B = A - - a = B() - b = a - print(b) + >>> class A: + ... pass + ... + >>> B = A + >>> a = B() + >>> b = a + >>> print(b) <__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC> - print(a) + >>> print(a) <__main__.A object at 0x16D07CC> Arguably the class has a name: even though it is bound to two names and invoked @@ -1099,7 +1098,7 @@ How do I iterate over a sequence in reverse order? Use the :func:`reversed` built-in function, which is new in Python 2.4:: for x in reversed(sequence): - ... # do something with x... + ... # do something with x ... This won't touch your original sequence, but build a new copy with reversed order to iterate over. @@ -1107,7 +1106,7 @@ order to iterate over. With Python 2.3, you can use an extended slice syntax:: for x in sequence[::-1]: - ... # do something with x... + ... # do something with x ... How do you remove duplicates from a list? @@ -1405,7 +1404,7 @@ A method is a function on some object ``x`` that you normally call as definition:: class C: - def meth (self, arg): + def meth(self, arg): return arg * 2 + self.attribute @@ -1438,9 +1437,9 @@ that does something:: def search(obj): if isinstance(obj, Mailbox): - # ... code to search a mailbox + ... # code to search a mailbox elif isinstance(obj, Document): - # ... code to search a document + ... # code to search a document elif ... A better approach is to define a ``search()`` method on all the classes and just @@ -1448,11 +1447,11 @@ call it:: class Mailbox: def search(self): - # ... code to search a mailbox + ... # code to search a mailbox class Document: def search(self): - # ... code to search a document + ... # code to search a document obj.search() @@ -1509,7 +1508,7 @@ How do I call a method defined in a base class from a derived class that overrid Use the built-in :func:`super` function:: class Derived(Base): - def meth (self): + def meth(self): super(Derived, self).meth() For version prior to 3.0, you may be using classic classes: For a class diff --git a/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst b/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst index 530f34b88f9..d370eb55723 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/descriptor.rst @@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ like:: "Emulate type_getattro() in Objects/typeobject.c" v = object.__getattribute__(self, key) if hasattr(v, '__get__'): - return v.__get__(None, self) + return v.__get__(None, self) return v The important points to remember are: @@ -163,9 +163,9 @@ descriptor is useful for monitoring just a few chosen attributes:: self.val = val >>> class MyClass(object): - x = RevealAccess(10, 'var "x"') - y = 5 - + ... x = RevealAccess(10, 'var "x"') + ... y = 5 + ... >>> m = MyClass() >>> m.x Retrieving var "x" @@ -287,15 +287,15 @@ this:: Running the interpreter shows how the function descriptor works in practice:: >>> class D(object): - def f(self, x): - return x - + ... def f(self, x): + ... return x + ... >>> d = D() - >>> D.__dict__['f'] # Stored internally as a function + >>> D.__dict__['f'] # Stored internally as a function - >>> D.f # Get from a class becomes an unbound method + >>> D.f # Get from a class becomes an unbound method - >>> d.f # Get from an instance becomes a bound method + >>> d.f # Get from an instance becomes a bound method > The output suggests that bound and unbound methods are two different types. @@ -358,10 +358,10 @@ Since staticmethods return the underlying function with no changes, the example calls are unexciting:: >>> class E(object): - def f(x): - print(x) - f = staticmethod(f) - + ... def f(x): + ... print(x) + ... f = staticmethod(f) + ... >>> print(E.f(3)) 3 >>> print(E().f(3)) @@ -371,23 +371,23 @@ Using the non-data descriptor protocol, a pure Python version of :func:`staticmethod` would look like this:: class StaticMethod(object): - "Emulate PyStaticMethod_Type() in Objects/funcobject.c" + "Emulate PyStaticMethod_Type() in Objects/funcobject.c" - def __init__(self, f): - self.f = f + def __init__(self, f): + self.f = f - def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None): - return self.f + def __get__(self, obj, objtype=None): + return self.f Unlike static methods, class methods prepend the class reference to the argument list before calling the function. This format is the same for whether the caller is an object or a class:: >>> class E(object): - def f(klass, x): - return klass.__name__, x - f = classmethod(f) - + ... def f(klass, x): + ... return klass.__name__, x + ... f = classmethod(f) + ... >>> print(E.f(3)) ('E', 3) >>> print(E().f(3)) @@ -419,15 +419,15 @@ Using the non-data descriptor protocol, a pure Python version of :func:`classmethod` would look like this:: class ClassMethod(object): - "Emulate PyClassMethod_Type() in Objects/funcobject.c" + "Emulate PyClassMethod_Type() in Objects/funcobject.c" - def __init__(self, f): - self.f = f + def __init__(self, f): + self.f = f - def __get__(self, obj, klass=None): - if klass is None: - klass = type(obj) - def newfunc(*args): - return self.f(klass, *args) - return newfunc + def __get__(self, obj, klass=None): + if klass is None: + klass = type(obj) + def newfunc(*args): + return self.f(klass, *args) + return newfunc diff --git a/Doc/howto/functional.rst b/Doc/howto/functional.rst index 80ff710c217..6e21f935446 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/functional.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/functional.rst @@ -395,14 +395,14 @@ equivalent to the following Python code:: continue # Skip this element for expr2 in sequence2: if not (condition2): - continue # Skip this element + continue # Skip this element ... for exprN in sequenceN: - if not (conditionN): - continue # Skip this element + if not (conditionN): + continue # Skip this element - # Output the value of - # the expression. + # Output the value of + # the expression. This means that when there are multiple ``for...in`` clauses but no ``if`` clauses, the length of the resulting output will be equal to the product of the diff --git a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst index e784acca430..99b4cdcb5fa 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst @@ -63,6 +63,7 @@ Here is the auxiliary module:: def __init__(self): self.logger = logging.getLogger('spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary') self.logger.info('creating an instance of Auxiliary') + def do_something(self): self.logger.info('doing something') a = 1 + 1 @@ -360,7 +361,7 @@ classes, which would eat up one thread per handler for no particular benefit. An example of using these two classes follows (imports omitted):: - que = queue.Queue(-1) # no limit on size + que = queue.Queue(-1) # no limit on size queue_handler = QueueHandler(que) handler = logging.StreamHandler() listener = QueueListener(que, handler) @@ -656,21 +657,21 @@ script:: return True if __name__ == '__main__': - levels = (logging.DEBUG, logging.INFO, logging.WARNING, logging.ERROR, logging.CRITICAL) - logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, - format='%(asctime)-15s %(name)-5s %(levelname)-8s IP: %(ip)-15s User: %(user)-8s %(message)s') - a1 = logging.getLogger('a.b.c') - a2 = logging.getLogger('d.e.f') + levels = (logging.DEBUG, logging.INFO, logging.WARNING, logging.ERROR, logging.CRITICAL) + logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG, + format='%(asctime)-15s %(name)-5s %(levelname)-8s IP: %(ip)-15s User: %(user)-8s %(message)s') + a1 = logging.getLogger('a.b.c') + a2 = logging.getLogger('d.e.f') - f = ContextFilter() - a1.addFilter(f) - a2.addFilter(f) - a1.debug('A debug message') - a1.info('An info message with %s', 'some parameters') - for x in range(10): - lvl = choice(levels) - lvlname = logging.getLevelName(lvl) - a2.log(lvl, 'A message at %s level with %d %s', lvlname, 2, 'parameters') + f = ContextFilter() + a1.addFilter(f) + a2.addFilter(f) + a1.debug('A debug message') + a1.info('An info message with %s', 'some parameters') + for x in range(10): + lvl = choice(levels) + lvlname = logging.getLevelName(lvl) + a2.log(lvl, 'A message at %s level with %d %s', lvlname, 2, 'parameters') which, when run, produces something like:: @@ -764,10 +765,10 @@ the basis for code meeting your own specific requirements:: while True: try: record = queue.get() - if record is None: # We send this as a sentinel to tell the listener to quit. + if record is None: # We send this as a sentinel to tell the listener to quit. break logger = logging.getLogger(record.name) - logger.handle(record) # No level or filter logic applied - just do it! + logger.handle(record) # No level or filter logic applied - just do it! except Exception: import sys, traceback print('Whoops! Problem:', file=sys.stderr) @@ -790,10 +791,11 @@ the basis for code meeting your own specific requirements:: # Note that on Windows you can't rely on fork semantics, so each process # will run the logging configuration code when it starts. def worker_configurer(queue): - h = logging.handlers.QueueHandler(queue) # Just the one handler needed + h = logging.handlers.QueueHandler(queue) # Just the one handler needed root = logging.getLogger() root.addHandler(h) - root.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) # send all messages, for demo; no other level or filter logic applied. + # send all messages, for demo; no other level or filter logic applied. + root.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) # This is the worker process top-level loop, which just logs ten events with # random intervening delays before terminating. @@ -821,7 +823,7 @@ the basis for code meeting your own specific requirements:: workers = [] for i in range(10): worker = multiprocessing.Process(target=worker_process, - args=(queue, worker_configurer)) + args=(queue, worker_configurer)) workers.append(worker) worker.start() for w in workers: @@ -1245,12 +1247,12 @@ You can use a :class:`QueueHandler` subclass to send messages to other kinds of queues, for example a ZeroMQ 'publish' socket. In the example below,the socket is created separately and passed to the handler (as its 'queue'):: - import zmq # using pyzmq, the Python binding for ZeroMQ - import json # for serializing records portably + import zmq # using pyzmq, the Python binding for ZeroMQ + import json # for serializing records portably ctx = zmq.Context() - sock = zmq.Socket(ctx, zmq.PUB) # or zmq.PUSH, or other suitable value - sock.bind('tcp://*:5556') # or wherever + sock = zmq.Socket(ctx, zmq.PUB) # or zmq.PUSH, or other suitable value + sock.bind('tcp://*:5556') # or wherever class ZeroMQSocketHandler(QueueHandler): def enqueue(self, record): @@ -1288,7 +1290,7 @@ of queues, for example a ZeroMQ 'subscribe' socket. Here's an example:: def __init__(self, uri, *handlers, **kwargs): self.ctx = kwargs.get('ctx') or zmq.Context() socket = zmq.Socket(self.ctx, zmq.SUB) - socket.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, '') # subscribe to everything + socket.setsockopt(zmq.SUBSCRIBE, '') # subscribe to everything socket.connect(uri) def dequeue(self): @@ -2116,7 +2118,7 @@ class, as shown in the following example:: Format an exception so that it prints on a single line. """ result = super(OneLineExceptionFormatter, self).formatException(exc_info) - return repr(result) # or format into one line however you want to + return repr(result) # or format into one line however you want to def format(self, record): s = super(OneLineExceptionFormatter, self).format(record) diff --git a/Doc/howto/logging.rst b/Doc/howto/logging.rst index d66770fcfb6..51e84304857 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/logging.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/logging.rst @@ -103,8 +103,8 @@ A simple example A very simple example is:: import logging - logging.warning('Watch out!') # will print a message to the console - logging.info('I told you so') # will not print anything + logging.warning('Watch out!') # will print a message to the console + logging.info('I told you so') # will not print anything If you type these lines into a script and run it, you'll see:: diff --git a/Doc/howto/regex.rst b/Doc/howto/regex.rst index 909420bfa95..de3f4612cc6 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/regex.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/regex.rst @@ -1115,19 +1115,19 @@ which can be either a string or a function, and the string to be processed. Here's a simple example of using the :meth:`sub` method. It replaces colour names with the word ``colour``:: - >>> p = re.compile( '(blue|white|red)') - >>> p.sub( 'colour', 'blue socks and red shoes') + >>> p = re.compile('(blue|white|red)') + >>> p.sub('colour', 'blue socks and red shoes') 'colour socks and colour shoes' - >>> p.sub( 'colour', 'blue socks and red shoes', count=1) + >>> p.sub('colour', 'blue socks and red shoes', count=1) 'colour socks and red shoes' The :meth:`subn` method does the same work, but returns a 2-tuple containing the new string value and the number of replacements that were performed:: - >>> p = re.compile( '(blue|white|red)') - >>> p.subn( 'colour', 'blue socks and red shoes') + >>> p = re.compile('(blue|white|red)') + >>> p.subn('colour', 'blue socks and red shoes') ('colour socks and colour shoes', 2) - >>> p.subn( 'colour', 'no colours at all') + >>> p.subn('colour', 'no colours at all') ('no colours at all', 0) Empty matches are replaced only when they're not adjacent to a previous match. diff --git a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst index 24051bf81c5..50a09bac4cd 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst @@ -687,7 +687,7 @@ with the ``surrogateescape`` error handler:: # make changes to the string 'data' with open(fname + '.new', 'w', - encoding="ascii", errors="surrogateescape") as f: + encoding="ascii", errors="surrogateescape") as f: f.write(data) The ``surrogateescape`` error handler will decode any non-ASCII bytes diff --git a/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst b/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst index b4e2157dc5c..24a415604fd 100644 --- a/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst +++ b/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst @@ -175,10 +175,10 @@ Explorer [#]_. :: url = 'http://www.someserver.com/cgi-bin/register.cgi' user_agent = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; Win64; x64)' - values = {'name' : 'Michael Foord', - 'location' : 'Northampton', - 'language' : 'Python' } - headers = { 'User-Agent' : user_agent } + values = {'name': 'Michael Foord', + 'location': 'Northampton', + 'language': 'Python' } + headers = {'User-Agent': user_agent} data = urllib.parse.urlencode(values) data = data.encode('ascii') @@ -215,7 +215,7 @@ e.g. :: >>> req = urllib.request.Request('http://www.pretend_server.org') >>> try: urllib.request.urlopen(req) ... except urllib.error.URLError as e: - ... print(e.reason) #doctest: +SKIP + ... print(e.reason) #doctest: +SKIP ... (4, 'getaddrinfo failed') @@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ Number 2 :: from urllib.request import Request, urlopen - from urllib.error import URLError + from urllib.error import URLError req = Request(someurl) try: response = urlopen(req) diff --git a/Doc/library/argparse.rst b/Doc/library/argparse.rst index 0bb57c17715..6a7f8ef725b 100644 --- a/Doc/library/argparse.rst +++ b/Doc/library/argparse.rst @@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ produces either the sum or the max:: parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='Process some integers.') parser.add_argument('integers', metavar='N', type=int, nargs='+', - help='an integer for the accumulator') + help='an integer for the accumulator') parser.add_argument('--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const', - const=sum, default=max, - help='sum the integers (default: find the max)') + const=sum, default=max, + help='sum the integers (default: find the max)') args = parser.parse_args() print(args.accumulate(args.integers)) @@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ specified characters will be treated as files, and will be replaced by the arguments they contain. For example:: >>> with open('args.txt', 'w') as fp: - ... fp.write('-f\nbar') + ... fp.write('-f\nbar') >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(fromfile_prefix_chars='@') >>> parser.add_argument('-f') >>> parser.parse_args(['-f', 'foo', '@args.txt']) @@ -1109,9 +1109,9 @@ argument:: >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='frobble') >>> parser.add_argument('--foo', action='store_true', - ... help='foo the bars before frobbling') + ... help='foo the bars before frobbling') >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='+', - ... help='one of the bars to be frobbled') + ... help='one of the bars to be frobbled') >>> parser.parse_args(['-h']) usage: frobble [-h] [--foo] bar [bar ...] @@ -1129,7 +1129,7 @@ specifiers include the program name, ``%(prog)s`` and most keyword arguments to >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(prog='frobble') >>> parser.add_argument('bar', nargs='?', type=int, default=42, - ... help='the bar to %(prog)s (default: %(default)s)') + ... help='the bar to %(prog)s (default: %(default)s)') >>> parser.print_help() usage: frobble [-h] [bar] @@ -1468,10 +1468,10 @@ interactive prompt:: >>> parser = argparse.ArgumentParser() >>> parser.add_argument( ... 'integers', metavar='int', type=int, choices=range(10), - ... nargs='+', help='an integer in the range 0..9') + ... nargs='+', help='an integer in the range 0..9') >>> parser.add_argument( ... '--sum', dest='accumulate', action='store_const', const=sum, - ... default=max, help='sum the integers (default: find the max)') + ... default=max, help='sum the integers (default: find the max)') >>> parser.parse_args(['1', '2', '3', '4']) Namespace(accumulate=, integers=[1, 2, 3, 4]) >>> parser.parse_args(['1', '2', '3', '4', '--sum']) diff --git a/Doc/library/asynchat.rst b/Doc/library/asynchat.rst index 794da8cced7..56ad4f8f3f4 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asynchat.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asynchat.rst @@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ any extraneous data sent by the web client are ignored. :: self.set_terminator(None) self.handle_request() elif not self.handling: - self.set_terminator(None) # browsers sometimes over-send + self.set_terminator(None) # browsers sometimes over-send self.cgi_data = parse(self.headers, b"".join(self.ibuffer)) self.handling = True self.ibuffer = [] diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncio-sync.rst b/Doc/library/asyncio-sync.rst index ad3b523f989..1d299ec60af 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncio-sync.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncio-sync.rst @@ -71,14 +71,14 @@ Lock lock = Lock() ... with (yield from lock): - ... + ... Lock objects can be tested for locking state:: if not lock.locked(): - yield from lock + yield from lock else: - # lock is acquired + # lock is acquired ... .. method:: locked() diff --git a/Doc/library/asyncore.rst b/Doc/library/asyncore.rst index 917d0448c2f..02ae72afdd7 100644 --- a/Doc/library/asyncore.rst +++ b/Doc/library/asyncore.rst @@ -315,8 +315,8 @@ implement its socket handling:: self.buffer = self.buffer[sent:] - client = HTTPClient('www.python.org', '/') - asyncore.loop() + client = HTTPClient('www.python.org', '/') + asyncore.loop() .. _asyncore-example-2: diff --git a/Doc/library/audioop.rst b/Doc/library/audioop.rst index ce127aa06a6..e850c3f94ab 100644 --- a/Doc/library/audioop.rst +++ b/Doc/library/audioop.rst @@ -276,6 +276,6 @@ sample and subtract the whole output sample from the input sample:: # out_test) prefill = '\0'*(pos+ipos)*2 postfill = '\0'*(len(inputdata)-len(prefill)-len(outputdata)) - outputdata = prefill + audioop.mul(outputdata,2,-factor) + postfill + outputdata = prefill + audioop.mul(outputdata, 2, -factor) + postfill return audioop.add(inputdata, outputdata, 2) diff --git a/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst b/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst index 67118d5e6ca..e76ca783405 100644 --- a/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst +++ b/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst @@ -218,19 +218,22 @@ The ABC supplies the remaining methods such as :meth:`__and__` and :meth:`isdisjoint`:: class ListBasedSet(collections.abc.Set): - ''' Alternate set implementation favoring space over speed - and not requiring the set elements to be hashable. ''' - def __init__(self, iterable): - self.elements = lst = [] - for value in iterable: - if value not in lst: - lst.append(value) - def __iter__(self): - return iter(self.elements) - def __contains__(self, value): - return value in self.elements - def __len__(self): - return len(self.elements) + ''' Alternate set implementation favoring space over speed + and not requiring the set elements to be hashable. ''' + def __init__(self, iterable): + self.elements = lst = [] + for value in iterable: + if value not in lst: + lst.append(value) + + def __iter__(self): + return iter(self.elements) + + def __contains__(self, value): + return value in self.elements + + def __len__(self): + return len(self.elements) s1 = ListBasedSet('abcdef') s2 = ListBasedSet('defghi') diff --git a/Doc/library/collections.rst b/Doc/library/collections.rst index a0820a75305..8b97b65b1cc 100644 --- a/Doc/library/collections.rst +++ b/Doc/library/collections.rst @@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ Since an ordered dictionary remembers its insertion order, it can be used in conjunction with sorting to make a sorted dictionary:: >>> # regular unsorted dictionary - >>> d = {'banana': 3, 'apple':4, 'pear': 1, 'orange': 2} + >>> d = {'banana': 3, 'apple': 4, 'pear': 1, 'orange': 2} >>> # dictionary sorted by key >>> OrderedDict(sorted(d.items(), key=lambda t: t[0])) diff --git a/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst b/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst index 5fc8b9070c7..15858be0be3 100644 --- a/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst +++ b/Doc/library/concurrent.futures.rst @@ -99,12 +99,12 @@ the results of another :class:`Future`. For example:: import time def wait_on_b(): time.sleep(5) - print(b.result()) # b will never complete because it is waiting on a. + print(b.result()) # b will never complete because it is waiting on a. return 5 def wait_on_a(): time.sleep(5) - print(a.result()) # a will never complete because it is waiting on b. + print(a.result()) # a will never complete because it is waiting on b. return 6 diff --git a/Doc/library/configparser.rst b/Doc/library/configparser.rst index c9187a3441a..c5dc8d7d902 100644 --- a/Doc/library/configparser.rst +++ b/Doc/library/configparser.rst @@ -833,13 +833,13 @@ To get interpolation, use :class:`ConfigParser`:: # Set the optional *raw* argument of get() to True if you wish to disable # interpolation in a single get operation. - print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=False)) # -> "Python is fun!" - print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=True)) # -> "%(bar)s is %(baz)s!" + print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=False)) # -> "Python is fun!" + print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', raw=True)) # -> "%(bar)s is %(baz)s!" # The optional *vars* argument is a dict with members that will take # precedence in interpolation. print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo', vars={'bar': 'Documentation', - 'baz': 'evil'})) + 'baz': 'evil'})) # The optional *fallback* argument can be used to provide a fallback value print(cfg.get('Section1', 'foo')) @@ -866,10 +866,10 @@ interpolation if an option used is not defined elsewhere. :: config = configparser.ConfigParser({'bar': 'Life', 'baz': 'hard'}) config.read('example.cfg') - print(config.get('Section1', 'foo')) # -> "Python is fun!" + print(config.get('Section1', 'foo')) # -> "Python is fun!" config.remove_option('Section1', 'bar') config.remove_option('Section1', 'baz') - print(config.get('Section1', 'foo')) # -> "Life is hard!" + print(config.get('Section1', 'foo')) # -> "Life is hard!" .. _configparser-objects: diff --git a/Doc/library/contextlib.rst b/Doc/library/contextlib.rst index c112241a889..cf85fcd4b29 100644 --- a/Doc/library/contextlib.rst +++ b/Doc/library/contextlib.rst @@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ to yield if an attempt is made to use them a second time:: Before After >>> with cm: - ... pass + ... pass ... Traceback (most recent call last): ... diff --git a/Doc/library/crypt.rst b/Doc/library/crypt.rst index b4c90cd5923..0661426f71c 100644 --- a/Doc/library/crypt.rst +++ b/Doc/library/crypt.rst @@ -149,4 +149,4 @@ check it against the original:: hashed = crypt.crypt(plaintext) if not compare_hash(hashed, crypt.crypt(plaintext, hashed)): - raise ValueError("hashed version doesn't validate against original") + raise ValueError("hashed version doesn't validate against original") diff --git a/Doc/library/ctypes.rst b/Doc/library/ctypes.rst index e2a18c1db18..4da276c4aaf 100644 --- a/Doc/library/ctypes.rst +++ b/Doc/library/ctypes.rst @@ -52,11 +52,11 @@ library containing most standard C functions, and uses the cdecl calling convention:: >>> from ctypes import * - >>> print(windll.kernel32) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> print(windll.kernel32) # doctest: +WINDOWS - >>> print(cdll.msvcrt) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> print(cdll.msvcrt) # doctest: +WINDOWS - >>> libc = cdll.msvcrt # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> libc = cdll.msvcrt # doctest: +WINDOWS >>> Windows appends the usual ``.dll`` file suffix automatically. @@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ load a library, so attribute access can not be used to load libraries. Either th :meth:`LoadLibrary` method of the dll loaders should be used, or you should load the library by creating an instance of CDLL by calling the constructor:: - >>> cdll.LoadLibrary("libc.so.6") # doctest: +LINUX + >>> cdll.LoadLibrary("libc.so.6") # doctest: +LINUX - >>> libc = CDLL("libc.so.6") # doctest: +LINUX - >>> libc # doctest: +LINUX + >>> libc = CDLL("libc.so.6") # doctest: +LINUX + >>> libc # doctest: +LINUX >>> @@ -92,9 +92,9 @@ Functions are accessed as attributes of dll objects:: >>> from ctypes import * >>> libc.printf <_FuncPtr object at 0x...> - >>> print(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> print(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA) # doctest: +WINDOWS <_FuncPtr object at 0x...> - >>> print(windll.kernel32.MyOwnFunction) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> print(windll.kernel32.MyOwnFunction) # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? File "ctypes.py", line 239, in __getattr__ @@ -123,16 +123,16 @@ Sometimes, dlls export functions with names which aren't valid Python identifiers, like ``"??2@YAPAXI@Z"``. In this case you have to use :func:`getattr` to retrieve the function:: - >>> getattr(cdll.msvcrt, "??2@YAPAXI@Z") # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> getattr(cdll.msvcrt, "??2@YAPAXI@Z") # doctest: +WINDOWS <_FuncPtr object at 0x...> >>> On Windows, some dlls export functions not by name but by ordinal. These functions can be accessed by indexing the dll object with the ordinal number:: - >>> cdll.kernel32[1] # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> cdll.kernel32[1] # doctest: +WINDOWS <_FuncPtr object at 0x...> - >>> cdll.kernel32[0] # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> cdll.kernel32[0] # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? File "ctypes.py", line 310, in __getitem__ @@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ handle. This example calls both functions with a NULL pointer (``None`` should be used as the NULL pointer):: - >>> print(libc.time(None)) # doctest: +SKIP + >>> print(libc.time(None)) # doctest: +SKIP 1150640792 - >>> print(hex(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None))) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> print(hex(windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None))) # doctest: +WINDOWS 0x1d000000 >>> @@ -165,11 +165,11 @@ of arguments or the wrong calling convention. Unfortunately this only works on Windows. It does this by examining the stack after the function returns, so although an error is raised the function *has* been called:: - >>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA() # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA() # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? ValueError: Procedure probably called with not enough arguments (4 bytes missing) - >>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(0, 0) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(0, 0) # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? ValueError: Procedure probably called with too many arguments (4 bytes in excess) @@ -178,13 +178,13 @@ although an error is raised the function *has* been called:: The same exception is raised when you call an ``stdcall`` function with the ``cdecl`` calling convention, or vice versa:: - >>> cdll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> cdll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(None) # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? ValueError: Procedure probably called with not enough arguments (4 bytes missing) >>> - >>> windll.msvcrt.printf(b"spam") # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> windll.msvcrt.printf(b"spam") # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? ValueError: Procedure probably called with too many arguments (4 bytes in excess) @@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ On Windows, :mod:`ctypes` uses win32 structured exception handling to prevent crashes from general protection faults when functions are called with invalid argument values:: - >>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(32) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA(32) # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? OSError: exception: access violation reading 0x00000020 @@ -462,9 +462,9 @@ Here is a more advanced example, it uses the ``strchr`` function, which expects a string pointer and a char, and returns a pointer to a string:: >>> strchr = libc.strchr - >>> strchr(b"abcdef", ord("d")) # doctest: +SKIP + >>> strchr(b"abcdef", ord("d")) # doctest: +SKIP 8059983 - >>> strchr.restype = c_char_p # c_char_p is a pointer to a string + >>> strchr.restype = c_char_p # c_char_p is a pointer to a string >>> strchr(b"abcdef", ord("d")) b'def' >>> print(strchr(b"abcdef", ord("x"))) @@ -495,17 +495,17 @@ callable will be called with the *integer* the C function returns, and the result of this call will be used as the result of your function call. This is useful to check for error return values and automatically raise an exception:: - >>> GetModuleHandle = windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> GetModuleHandle = windll.kernel32.GetModuleHandleA # doctest: +WINDOWS >>> def ValidHandle(value): ... if value == 0: ... raise WinError() ... return value ... >>> - >>> GetModuleHandle.restype = ValidHandle # doctest: +WINDOWS - >>> GetModuleHandle(None) # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> GetModuleHandle.restype = ValidHandle # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> GetModuleHandle(None) # doctest: +WINDOWS 486539264 - >>> GetModuleHandle("something silly") # doctest: +WINDOWS + >>> GetModuleHandle("something silly") # doctest: +WINDOWS Traceback (most recent call last): File "", line 1, in ? File "", line 3, in ValidHandle @@ -676,12 +676,12 @@ POINTs among other stuff:: >>> from ctypes import * >>> class POINT(Structure): - ... _fields_ = ("x", c_int), ("y", c_int) + ... _fields_ = ("x", c_int), ("y", c_int) ... >>> class MyStruct(Structure): - ... _fields_ = [("a", c_int), - ... ("b", c_float), - ... ("point_array", POINT * 4)] + ... _fields_ = [("a", c_int), + ... ("b", c_float), + ... ("point_array", POINT * 4)] >>> >>> print(len(MyStruct().point_array)) 4 @@ -998,7 +998,7 @@ passed:: The result:: - >>> qsort(ia, len(ia), sizeof(c_int), cmp_func) # doctest: +LINUX + >>> qsort(ia, len(ia), sizeof(c_int), cmp_func) # doctest: +LINUX py_cmp_func 5 1 py_cmp_func 33 99 py_cmp_func 7 33 @@ -1100,9 +1100,9 @@ access violation or whatever, so it's better to break out of the loop when we hit the NULL entry:: >>> for item in table: - ... print(item.name, item.size) - ... if item.name is None: - ... break + ... print(item.name, item.size) + ... if item.name is None: + ... break ... __hello__ 104 __phello__ -104 diff --git a/Doc/library/email.headerregistry.rst b/Doc/library/email.headerregistry.rst index db3aade416f..4af083f885a 100644 --- a/Doc/library/email.headerregistry.rst +++ b/Doc/library/email.headerregistry.rst @@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ headers. :class:`~datetime.datetime` instance. This means, for example, that the following code is valid and does what one would expect:: - msg['Date'] = datetime(2011, 7, 15, 21) + msg['Date'] = datetime(2011, 7, 15, 21) Because this is a naive ``datetime`` it will be interpreted as a UTC timestamp, and the resulting value will have a timezone of ``-0000``. Much diff --git a/Doc/library/getopt.rst b/Doc/library/getopt.rst index f9a1e53e38b..832d458bde4 100644 --- a/Doc/library/getopt.rst +++ b/Doc/library/getopt.rst @@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ In a script, typical usage is something like this:: opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "ho:v", ["help", "output="]) except getopt.GetoptError as err: # print help information and exit: - print(err) # will print something like "option -a not recognized" + print(err) # will print something like "option -a not recognized" usage() sys.exit(2) output = None diff --git a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst index a084d3dc43d..2f93c0b7be1 100644 --- a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst +++ b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst @@ -51,8 +51,10 @@ as they are encountered:: class MyHTMLParser(HTMLParser): def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs): print("Encountered a start tag:", tag) + def handle_endtag(self, tag): print("Encountered an end tag :", tag) + def handle_data(self, data): print("Encountered some data :", data) @@ -237,21 +239,27 @@ examples:: print("Start tag:", tag) for attr in attrs: print(" attr:", attr) + def handle_endtag(self, tag): print("End tag :", tag) + def handle_data(self, data): print("Data :", data) + def handle_comment(self, data): print("Comment :", data) + def handle_entityref(self, name): c = chr(name2codepoint[name]) print("Named ent:", c) + def handle_charref(self, name): if name.startswith('x'): c = chr(int(name[1:], 16)) else: c = chr(int(name)) print("Num ent :", c) + def handle_decl(self, data): print("Decl :", data) @@ -283,7 +291,7 @@ further parsing:: attr: ('type', 'text/css') Data : #python { color: green } End tag : style - >>> + >>> parser.feed('') Start tag: script diff --git a/Doc/library/http.client.rst b/Doc/library/http.client.rst index 649abd15873..bd91845b1dd 100644 --- a/Doc/library/http.client.rst +++ b/Doc/library/http.client.rst @@ -441,7 +441,7 @@ Here is an example session that uses the ``GET`` method:: >>> conn.request("GET", "/") >>> r1 = conn.getresponse() >>> while not r1.closed: - ... print(r1.read(200)) # 200 bytes + ... print(r1.read(200)) # 200 bytes b'\n