diff --git a/Doc/c-api/number.rst b/Doc/c-api/number.rst
index 620204ca8e2..37979bb506b 100644
--- a/Doc/c-api/number.rst
+++ b/Doc/c-api/number.rst
@@ -256,6 +256,10 @@ Number Protocol
    Returns the *o* converted to a Python int on success or ``NULL`` with a
    :exc:`TypeError` exception raised on failure.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.10
+      The result always has exact type :class:`int`.  Previously, the result
+      could have been an instance of a subclass of ``int``.
+
 
 .. c:function:: PyObject* PyNumber_ToBase(PyObject *n, int base)
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/operator.rst b/Doc/library/operator.rst
index fa02bde8465..36c53556c26 100644
--- a/Doc/library/operator.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/operator.rst
@@ -112,6 +112,10 @@ The mathematical and bitwise operations are the most numerous:
 
    Return *a* converted to an integer.  Equivalent to ``a.__index__()``.
 
+   .. versionchanged:: 3.10
+      The result always has exact type :class:`int`.  Previously, the result
+      could have been an instance of a subclass of ``int``.
+
 
 .. function:: inv(obj)
               invert(obj)
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst
index 9edef1ed87b..34a09fe4b50 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.10.rst
@@ -129,6 +129,10 @@ C API Changes
 New Features
 ------------
 
+  The result of :c:func:`PyNumber_Index` now always has exact type :class:`int`.
+  Previously, the result could have been an instance of a subclass of ``int``.
+  (Contributed by Serhiy Storchaka in :issue:`40792`.)
+
 
 Porting to Python 3.10
 ----------------------
diff --git a/Include/cpython/abstract.h b/Include/cpython/abstract.h
index 7bc80833a74..aa72f998b70 100644
--- a/Include/cpython/abstract.h
+++ b/Include/cpython/abstract.h
@@ -379,6 +379,9 @@ PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_add_one_to_index_C(int nd, Py_ssize_t *index,
 /* Convert Python int to Py_ssize_t. Do nothing if the argument is None. */
 PyAPI_FUNC(int) _Py_convert_optional_to_ssize_t(PyObject *, void *);
 
+/* Same as PyNumber_Index but can return an instance of a subclass of int. */
+PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyNumber_Index(PyObject *o);
+
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
diff --git a/Lib/copy.py b/Lib/copy.py
index 41873f2c046..dd41c54dffe 100644
--- a/Lib/copy.py
+++ b/Lib/copy.py
@@ -192,6 +192,7 @@ d[bytes] = _deepcopy_atomic
 d[str] = _deepcopy_atomic
 d[types.CodeType] = _deepcopy_atomic
 d[type] = _deepcopy_atomic
+d[range] = _deepcopy_atomic
 d[types.BuiltinFunctionType] = _deepcopy_atomic
 d[types.FunctionType] = _deepcopy_atomic
 d[weakref.ref] = _deepcopy_atomic
diff --git a/Lib/test/clinic.test b/Lib/test/clinic.test
index 5e6f129f092..f2be61355cc 100644
--- a/Lib/test/clinic.test
+++ b/Lib/test/clinic.test
@@ -1332,7 +1332,7 @@ test_Py_ssize_t_converter(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t na
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1347,7 +1347,7 @@ test_Py_ssize_t_converter(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t na
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1373,7 +1373,7 @@ exit:
 static PyObject *
 test_Py_ssize_t_converter_impl(PyObject *module, Py_ssize_t a, Py_ssize_t b,
                                Py_ssize_t c)
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=ea781bb7169b3436 input=3855f184bb3f299d]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=3bf73f9fdfeab468 input=3855f184bb3f299d]*/
 
 
 /*[clinic input]
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_copy.py b/Lib/test/test_copy.py
index 35f72fb216b..ba3d233f63d 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_copy.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_copy.py
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ class TestCopy(unittest.TestCase):
             pass
         tests = [None, 42, 2**100, 3.14, True, False, 1j,
                  "hello", "hello\u1234", f.__code__,
-                 NewStyle, Classic, max, property()]
+                 NewStyle, range(10), Classic, max, property()]
         for x in tests:
             self.assertIs(copy.deepcopy(x), x)
 
@@ -579,17 +579,6 @@ class TestCopy(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assertIsNot(y, x)
         self.assertIs(y.foo, y)
 
-    def test_deepcopy_range(self):
-        class I(int):
-            pass
-        x = range(I(10))
-        y = copy.deepcopy(x)
-        self.assertIsNot(y, x)
-        self.assertEqual(y, x)
-        self.assertIsNot(y.stop, x.stop)
-        self.assertEqual(y.stop, x.stop)
-        self.assertIsInstance(y.stop, I)
-
     # _reconstruct()
 
     def test_reconstruct_string(self):
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_range.py b/Lib/test/test_range.py
index 30fa129b50e..107c0e2e11c 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_range.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_range.py
@@ -648,11 +648,17 @@ class RangeTest(unittest.TestCase):
         self.assert_attrs(range(0, 10, 3), 0, 10, 3)
         self.assert_attrs(range(10, 0, -1), 10, 0, -1)
         self.assert_attrs(range(10, 0, -3), 10, 0, -3)
+        self.assert_attrs(range(True), 0, 1, 1)
+        self.assert_attrs(range(False, True), 0, 1, 1)
+        self.assert_attrs(range(False, True, True), 0, 1, 1)
 
     def assert_attrs(self, rangeobj, start, stop, step):
         self.assertEqual(rangeobj.start, start)
         self.assertEqual(rangeobj.stop, stop)
         self.assertEqual(rangeobj.step, step)
+        self.assertIs(type(rangeobj.start), int)
+        self.assertIs(type(rangeobj.stop), int)
+        self.assertIs(type(rangeobj.step), int)
 
         with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
             rangeobj.start = 0
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C API/2020-05-27-11-02-15.bpo-40792.pBw2Bb.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C API/2020-05-27-11-02-15.bpo-40792.pBw2Bb.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4cfe09bc774
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C API/2020-05-27-11-02-15.bpo-40792.pBw2Bb.rst	
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+The result of :c:func:`PyNumber_Index` now always has exact type :class:`int`.
+Previously, the result could have been an instance of a subclass of ``int``.
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2020-05-27-22-37-58.bpo-40792.WEDqqU.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2020-05-27-22-37-58.bpo-40792.WEDqqU.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..5986a221f5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core and Builtins/2020-05-27-22-37-58.bpo-40792.WEDqqU.rst	
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Attributes ``start``, ``stop`` and ``step`` of the :class:`range` object now
+always has exact type :class:`int`.  Previously, they could have been an
+instance of a subclass of ``int``.
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2020-05-27-22-19-42.bpo-40792.87Yx01.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2020-05-27-22-19-42.bpo-40792.87Yx01.rst
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..032a96c6a5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Library/2020-05-27-22-19-42.bpo-40792.87Yx01.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+The result of :func:`operator.index` now always has exact type :class:`int`.
+Previously, the result could have been an instance of a subclass of ``int``.
diff --git a/Modules/_io/_iomodule.c b/Modules/_io/_iomodule.c
index d7cadacea1b..a55e5cad6a3 100644
--- a/Modules/_io/_iomodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_io/_iomodule.c
@@ -532,7 +532,7 @@ PyNumber_AsOff_t(PyObject *item, PyObject *err)
 {
     Py_off_t result;
     PyObject *runerr;
-    PyObject *value = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    PyObject *value = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (value == NULL)
         return -1;
 
diff --git a/Modules/_io/clinic/bufferedio.c.h b/Modules/_io/clinic/bufferedio.c.h
index 1961ed94c55..19543fdf79d 100644
--- a/Modules/_io/clinic/bufferedio.c.h
+++ b/Modules/_io/clinic/bufferedio.c.h
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ _io__Buffered_peek(buffered *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ _io__Buffered_read1(buffered *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -421,7 +421,7 @@ _io_BufferedReader___init__(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -475,7 +475,7 @@ _io_BufferedWriter___init__(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -567,7 +567,7 @@ _io_BufferedRWPair___init__(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 2));
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 2));
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -621,7 +621,7 @@ _io_BufferedRandom___init__(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -637,4 +637,4 @@ skip_optional_pos:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=1882bb497ddc9375 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=98ccf7610c0e82ba input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/_io/clinic/bytesio.c.h b/Modules/_io/clinic/bytesio.c.h
index 4720bdd6555..5ea80ae01c1 100644
--- a/Modules/_io/clinic/bytesio.c.h
+++ b/Modules/_io/clinic/bytesio.c.h
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ _io_BytesIO_seek(bytesio *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -505,4 +505,4 @@ skip_optional_pos:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=ba0f302f16397741 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=49a32140eb8c5555 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/_io/clinic/iobase.c.h b/Modules/_io/clinic/iobase.c.h
index 02a2ab86c4e..4fd6e18c4ef 100644
--- a/Modules/_io/clinic/iobase.c.h
+++ b/Modules/_io/clinic/iobase.c.h
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ _io__RawIOBase_read(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -310,4 +310,4 @@ _io__RawIOBase_readall(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     return _io__RawIOBase_readall_impl(self);
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=1f9ce590549593be input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=83c1361a7a51ca84 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/_io/clinic/stringio.c.h b/Modules/_io/clinic/stringio.c.h
index 2b32319f985..147ef668a0b 100644
--- a/Modules/_io/clinic/stringio.c.h
+++ b/Modules/_io/clinic/stringio.c.h
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ _io_StringIO_seek(stringio *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -338,4 +338,4 @@ _io_StringIO_seekable(stringio *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     return _io_StringIO_seekable_impl(self);
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=9c428b2942d54991 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=eea93dcab10d0a97 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/_io/clinic/textio.c.h b/Modules/_io/clinic/textio.c.h
index f0ad69ce332..0b047ac0aab 100644
--- a/Modules/_io/clinic/textio.c.h
+++ b/Modules/_io/clinic/textio.c.h
@@ -452,7 +452,7 @@ _io_TextIOWrapper_readline(textio *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -671,4 +671,4 @@ _io_TextIOWrapper_close(textio *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     return _io_TextIOWrapper_close_impl(self);
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=ea96ee1eb3a71f77 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=2604c8f3a45b9a03 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/_struct.c b/Modules/_struct.c
index f759f0b1694..81cdbb9b817 100644
--- a/Modules/_struct.c
+++ b/Modules/_struct.c
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ get_pylong(PyObject *v)
     if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
         /* Not an integer;  try to use __index__ to convert. */
         if (PyIndex_Check(v)) {
-            v = PyNumber_Index(v);
+            v = _PyNumber_Index(v);
             if (v == NULL)
                 return NULL;
         }
diff --git a/Modules/arraymodule.c b/Modules/arraymodule.c
index 4c3ddc3ac24..8f12c616463 100644
--- a/Modules/arraymodule.c
+++ b/Modules/arraymodule.c
@@ -344,7 +344,7 @@ II_setitem(arrayobject *ap, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v)
     int do_decref = 0; /* if nb_int was called */
 
     if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
-        v = PyNumber_Index(v);
+        v = _PyNumber_Index(v);
         if (NULL == v) {
             return -1;
         }
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ LL_setitem(arrayobject *ap, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v)
     int do_decref = 0; /* if nb_int was called */
 
     if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
-        v = PyNumber_Index(v);
+        v = _PyNumber_Index(v);
         if (NULL == v) {
             return -1;
         }
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@ QQ_setitem(arrayobject *ap, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v)
     int do_decref = 0; /* if nb_int was called */
 
     if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
-        v = PyNumber_Index(v);
+        v = _PyNumber_Index(v);
         if (NULL == v) {
             return -1;
         }
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_bisectmodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_bisectmodule.c.h
index 8a0170a2c7f..07fc9060d1d 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_bisectmodule.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_bisectmodule.c.h
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ _bisect_bisect_right(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
     if (args[2]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ _bisect_insort_right(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
     if (args[2]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ _bisect_bisect_left(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, P
     if (args[2]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -260,7 +260,7 @@ _bisect_insort_left(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, P
     if (args[2]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -283,4 +283,4 @@ skip_optional_pos:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=e9097a9acd10b13f input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=6cf46f205659f01a input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_bz2module.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_bz2module.c.h
index ab610a141e3..46602078744 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_bz2module.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_bz2module.c.h
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ _bz2_BZ2Decompressor_decompress(BZ2Decompressor *self, PyObject *const *args, Py
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -210,4 +210,4 @@ _bz2_BZ2Decompressor___init__(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=c69a7de8e26c2ad1 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=b49102ee26928a28 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_collectionsmodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_collectionsmodule.c.h
index 0cc1466549d..7e18aeb312c 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_collectionsmodule.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_collectionsmodule.c.h
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ tuplegetter_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0));
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0));
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -68,4 +68,4 @@ tuplegetter_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=439d77631a056b4d input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=947186d369f50f1e input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_elementtree.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_elementtree.c.h
index 5934218a52b..2c9ba47823b 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_elementtree.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_elementtree.c.h
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ _elementtree_Element_insert(ElementObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -915,4 +915,4 @@ skip_optional:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=c98b210c525a9338 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=1385b5e5688f3614 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_hashopenssl.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_hashopenssl.c.h
index 51ae2402896..e72b55885fe 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_hashopenssl.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_hashopenssl.c.h
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ EVPXOF_digest(EVPobject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ EVPXOF_hexdigest(EVPobject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObj
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1417,4 +1417,4 @@ exit:
 #ifndef _HASHLIB_GET_FIPS_MODE_METHODDEF
     #define _HASHLIB_GET_FIPS_MODE_METHODDEF
 #endif /* !defined(_HASHLIB_GET_FIPS_MODE_METHODDEF) */
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=95447a60132f039e input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=2bbd6159493f44ea input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_lzmamodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_lzmamodule.c.h
index 40913ef2954..e4e0a7945a8 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_lzmamodule.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_lzmamodule.c.h
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ _lzma_LZMADecompressor_decompress(Decompressor *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -319,4 +319,4 @@ exit:
 
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=a87074ca902bd432 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=d6e997ebc269f78f input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_operator.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_operator.c.h
index 2a66f8ff1a5..34b6fdadfb7 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_operator.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_operator.c.h
@@ -1426,7 +1426,7 @@ _operator_length_hint(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1486,4 +1486,4 @@ _operator__compare_digest(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t na
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=1fe4adf4f5761420 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=eae5d08f971a65fd input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_sre.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_sre.c.h
index fc3ae04792f..2314114a1bc 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_sre.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_sre.c.h
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_match(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t na
     if (args[1]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_match(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t na
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_fullmatch(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_
     if (args[1]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -278,7 +278,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_fullmatch(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_search(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t n
     if (args[1]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -349,7 +349,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_search(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t n
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -402,7 +402,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_findall(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t
     if (args[1]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -418,7 +418,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_findall(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -473,7 +473,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_finditer(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t
     if (args[1]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -489,7 +489,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_finditer(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_scanner(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t
     if (args[1]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -557,7 +557,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_scanner(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -608,7 +608,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_split(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t na
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_sub(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t narg
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ _sre_SRE_Pattern_subn(PatternObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nar
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -800,7 +800,7 @@ _sre_compile(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     code = args[2];
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[3]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[3]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1102,4 +1102,4 @@ _sre_SRE_Scanner_search(ScannerObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     return _sre_SRE_Scanner_search_impl(self);
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=7a3360917b40a808 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=0e27915b1eb7c0e4 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/_struct.c.h b/Modules/clinic/_struct.c.h
index 874f30a4450..1cfaef3b713 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/_struct.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/_struct.c.h
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ Struct_unpack_from(PyStructObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ unpack_from(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -376,4 +376,4 @@ exit:
 
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=1205daf7f616f0cf input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=8089792d8ed0c1be input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/arraymodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/arraymodule.c.h
index 334db39db16..300cd139710 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/arraymodule.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/arraymodule.c.h
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ array_array_pop(arrayobject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ array_array_insert(arrayobject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ array_array_fromfile(arrayobject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     f = args[0];
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -514,4 +514,4 @@ PyDoc_STRVAR(array_arrayiterator___setstate____doc__,
 
 #define ARRAY_ARRAYITERATOR___SETSTATE___METHODDEF    \
     {"__setstate__", (PyCFunction)array_arrayiterator___setstate__, METH_O, array_arrayiterator___setstate____doc__},
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=c953eb8486c7c8da input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=91c1cded65a1285f input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/audioop.c.h b/Modules/clinic/audioop.c.h
index 56d31d3d721..da12bd17b5a 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/audioop.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/audioop.c.h
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ audioop_getsample(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@ audioop_findmax(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1309,4 +1309,4 @@ exit:
 
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=343e5ae478fc0359 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=840f8c315ebd4946 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/itertoolsmodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/itertoolsmodule.c.h
index c6d6717f89e..c1192bbcb0d 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/itertoolsmodule.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/itertoolsmodule.c.h
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ itertools_tee(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ itertools_combinations(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     iterable = fastargs[0];
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -401,7 +401,7 @@ itertools_combinations_with_replacement(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyOb
     iterable = fastargs[0];
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(fastargs[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -627,4 +627,4 @@ skip_optional_pos:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=07211f86c4153050 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=d7f58dc477814b45 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/posixmodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/posixmodule.c.h
index 96ea02035ea..ff439ee47c3 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/posixmodule.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/posixmodule.c.h
@@ -4743,7 +4743,7 @@ os_read(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -4843,7 +4843,7 @@ os_pread(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -5112,7 +5112,7 @@ os_sendfile(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[3]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[3]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -5192,7 +5192,7 @@ os_sendfile(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     offobj = args[2];
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[3]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[3]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -5627,7 +5627,7 @@ os_copy_file_range(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, Py
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -7512,7 +7512,7 @@ os_urandom(PyObject *module, PyObject *arg)
 
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(arg);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(arg);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -8160,7 +8160,7 @@ os_getrandom(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -8877,4 +8877,4 @@ exit:
 #ifndef OS_WAITSTATUS_TO_EXITCODE_METHODDEF
     #define OS_WAITSTATUS_TO_EXITCODE_METHODDEF
 #endif /* !defined(OS_WAITSTATUS_TO_EXITCODE_METHODDEF) */
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=9623b9e6f3809842 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=767780ea3beacf34 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/clinic/zlibmodule.c.h b/Modules/clinic/zlibmodule.c.h
index 2b72aeb8df5..61dfa9a87b5 100644
--- a/Modules/clinic/zlibmodule.c.h
+++ b/Modules/clinic/zlibmodule.c.h
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ zlib_decompress(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObj
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@ zlib_Decompress_decompress(compobject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t n
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -611,7 +611,7 @@ zlib_Decompress_flush(compobject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -757,4 +757,4 @@ exit:
 #ifndef ZLIB_DECOMPRESS___DEEPCOPY___METHODDEF
     #define ZLIB_DECOMPRESS___DEEPCOPY___METHODDEF
 #endif /* !defined(ZLIB_DECOMPRESS___DEEPCOPY___METHODDEF) */
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=06b6438506aab0cb input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=be34f273564e39a8 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Modules/mathmodule.c b/Modules/mathmodule.c
index 5b96631d633..cb05ce7c509 100644
--- a/Modules/mathmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/mathmodule.c
@@ -844,7 +844,7 @@ math_gcd(PyObject *module, PyObject * const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
         return res;
     }
     for (i = 1; i < nargs; i++) {
-        x = PyNumber_Index(args[i]);
+        x = _PyNumber_Index(args[i]);
         if (x == NULL) {
             Py_DECREF(res);
             return NULL;
@@ -1723,7 +1723,7 @@ math_isqrt(PyObject *module, PyObject *n)
     uint64_t m, u;
     PyObject *a = NULL, *b;
 
-    n = PyNumber_Index(n);
+    n = _PyNumber_Index(n);
     if (n == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
@@ -3103,24 +3103,11 @@ math_perm_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *n, PyObject *k)
     if (n == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    if (!PyLong_CheckExact(n)) {
-        Py_SETREF(n, _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)n));
-        if (n == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
     k = PyNumber_Index(k);
     if (k == NULL) {
         Py_DECREF(n);
         return NULL;
     }
-    if (!PyLong_CheckExact(k)) {
-        Py_SETREF(k, _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)k));
-        if (k == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(n);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
 
     if (Py_SIZE(n) < 0) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
@@ -3226,24 +3213,11 @@ math_comb_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *n, PyObject *k)
     if (n == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    if (!PyLong_CheckExact(n)) {
-        Py_SETREF(n, _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)n));
-        if (n == NULL) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
     k = PyNumber_Index(k);
     if (k == NULL) {
         Py_DECREF(n);
         return NULL;
     }
-    if (!PyLong_CheckExact(k)) {
-        Py_SETREF(k, _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)k));
-        if (k == NULL) {
-            Py_DECREF(n);
-            return NULL;
-        }
-    }
 
     if (Py_SIZE(n) < 0) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
diff --git a/Modules/posixmodule.c b/Modules/posixmodule.c
index 47ae7a8c22a..747184415e8 100644
--- a/Modules/posixmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/posixmodule.c
@@ -531,7 +531,7 @@ _Py_Uid_Converter(PyObject *obj, void *p)
     long result;
     unsigned long uresult;
 
-    index = PyNumber_Index(obj);
+    index = _PyNumber_Index(obj);
     if (index == NULL) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                      "uid should be integer, not %.200s",
@@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ _Py_Gid_Converter(PyObject *obj, void *p)
     long result;
     unsigned long uresult;
 
-    index = PyNumber_Index(obj);
+    index = _PyNumber_Index(obj);
     if (index == NULL) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                      "gid should be integer, not %.200s",
@@ -771,7 +771,7 @@ _fd_converter(PyObject *o, int *p)
     int overflow;
     long long_value;
 
-    PyObject *index = PyNumber_Index(o);
+    PyObject *index = _PyNumber_Index(o);
     if (index == NULL) {
         return 0;
     }
diff --git a/Objects/abstract.c b/Objects/abstract.c
index e8198492c63..973c43fe7fd 100644
--- a/Objects/abstract.c
+++ b/Objects/abstract.c
@@ -1317,11 +1317,12 @@ PyIndex_Check(PyObject *obj)
 
 
 /* Return a Python int from the object item.
+   Can return an instance of int subclass.
    Raise TypeError if the result is not an int
    or if the object cannot be interpreted as an index.
 */
 PyObject *
-PyNumber_Index(PyObject *item)
+_PyNumber_Index(PyObject *item)
 {
     PyObject *result = NULL;
     if (item == NULL) {
@@ -1360,6 +1361,20 @@ PyNumber_Index(PyObject *item)
     return result;
 }
 
+/* Return an exact Python int from the object item.
+   Raise TypeError if the result is not an int
+   or if the object cannot be interpreted as an index.
+*/
+PyObject *
+PyNumber_Index(PyObject *item)
+{
+    PyObject *result = _PyNumber_Index(item);
+    if (result != NULL && !PyLong_CheckExact(result)) {
+        Py_SETREF(result, _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)result));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
 /* Return an error on Overflow only if err is not NULL*/
 
 Py_ssize_t
@@ -1367,7 +1382,7 @@ PyNumber_AsSsize_t(PyObject *item, PyObject *err)
 {
     Py_ssize_t result;
     PyObject *runerr;
-    PyObject *value = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    PyObject *value = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (value == NULL)
         return -1;
 
@@ -1451,11 +1466,7 @@ PyNumber_Long(PyObject *o)
         return result;
     }
     if (m && m->nb_index) {
-        result = PyNumber_Index(o);
-        if (result != NULL && !PyLong_CheckExact(result)) {
-            Py_SETREF(result, _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)result));
-        }
-        return result;
+        return PyNumber_Index(o);
     }
     trunc_func = _PyObject_LookupSpecial(o, &PyId___trunc__);
     if (trunc_func) {
@@ -1479,9 +1490,6 @@ PyNumber_Long(PyObject *o)
             return NULL;
         }
         Py_SETREF(result, PyNumber_Index(result));
-        if (result != NULL && !PyLong_CheckExact(result)) {
-            Py_SETREF(result, _PyLong_Copy((PyLongObject *)result));
-        }
         return result;
     }
     if (PyErr_Occurred())
@@ -1564,7 +1572,7 @@ PyNumber_Float(PyObject *o)
         return PyFloat_FromDouble(val);
     }
     if (m && m->nb_index) {
-        PyObject *res = PyNumber_Index(o);
+        PyObject *res = _PyNumber_Index(o);
         if (!res) {
             return NULL;
         }
@@ -1590,7 +1598,7 @@ PyNumber_ToBase(PyObject *n, int base)
                         "PyNumber_ToBase: base must be 2, 8, 10 or 16");
         return NULL;
     }
-    PyObject *index = PyNumber_Index(n);
+    PyObject *index = _PyNumber_Index(n);
     if (!index)
         return NULL;
     PyObject *res = _PyLong_Format(index, base);
diff --git a/Objects/bytesobject.c b/Objects/bytesobject.c
index 25d9814dd6d..8d6454059ef 100644
--- a/Objects/bytesobject.c
+++ b/Objects/bytesobject.c
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ formatlong(PyObject *v, int flags, int prec, int type)
     if (PyNumber_Check(v)) {
         /* make sure number is a type of integer for o, x, and X */
         if (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X')
-            iobj = PyNumber_Index(v);
+            iobj = _PyNumber_Index(v);
         else
             iobj = PyNumber_Long(v);
         if (iobj == NULL) {
diff --git a/Objects/clinic/bytearrayobject.c.h b/Objects/clinic/bytearrayobject.c.h
index 83b0d03c569..cbe6f20344e 100644
--- a/Objects/clinic/bytearrayobject.c.h
+++ b/Objects/clinic/bytearrayobject.c.h
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ bytearray_replace(PyByteArrayObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nar
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ bytearray_split(PyByteArrayObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -442,7 +442,7 @@ bytearray_rsplit(PyByteArrayObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t narg
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -506,7 +506,7 @@ bytearray_insert(PyByteArrayObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t narg
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -599,7 +599,7 @@ bytearray_pop(PyByteArrayObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1051,4 +1051,4 @@ bytearray_sizeof(PyByteArrayObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     return bytearray_sizeof_impl(self);
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=920748990279fb9d input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=0cd59180c7d5dce5 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Objects/clinic/bytesobject.c.h b/Objects/clinic/bytesobject.c.h
index c4a2d0c3626..201627eee23 100644
--- a/Objects/clinic/bytesobject.c.h
+++ b/Objects/clinic/bytesobject.c.h
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ bytes_split(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObje
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ bytes_rsplit(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObj
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -485,7 +485,7 @@ bytes_replace(PyBytesObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -809,4 +809,4 @@ skip_optional_pos:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=a0c31faea2671a8c input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=dc1bc13e6990e452 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Objects/clinic/listobject.c.h b/Objects/clinic/listobject.c.h
index 82884a42b57..01e31d76cfa 100644
--- a/Objects/clinic/listobject.c.h
+++ b/Objects/clinic/listobject.c.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ list_insert(PyListObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ list_pop(PyListObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -352,4 +352,4 @@ list___reversed__(PyListObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     return list___reversed___impl(self);
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=137db7b11196b581 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=0063aad535edf62d input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Objects/clinic/longobject.c.h b/Objects/clinic/longobject.c.h
index d3d5c1992b3..7db89650aea 100644
--- a/Objects/clinic/longobject.c.h
+++ b/Objects/clinic/longobject.c.h
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ int_to_bytes(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -308,4 +308,4 @@ skip_optional_kwonly:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=46d40c8aa6d420b7 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=63b8274fc784d617 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Objects/clinic/unicodeobject.c.h b/Objects/clinic/unicodeobject.c.h
index 2d81730d687..ecd409e84cb 100644
--- a/Objects/clinic/unicodeobject.c.h
+++ b/Objects/clinic/unicodeobject.c.h
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ unicode_center(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -522,7 +522,7 @@ unicode_ljust(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -717,7 +717,7 @@ unicode_replace(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ unicode_rjust(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ unicode_split(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ unicode_rsplit(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[1]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1193,7 +1193,7 @@ unicode_zfill(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
 
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(arg);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(arg);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -1258,4 +1258,4 @@ unicode_sizeof(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
     return unicode_sizeof_impl(self);
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=ea1aff10c743be14 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=c5eb21e314da78b8 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Objects/floatobject.c b/Objects/floatobject.c
index cc0ae8ce819..868b7298a9e 100644
--- a/Objects/floatobject.c
+++ b/Objects/floatobject.c
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ PyFloat_AsDouble(PyObject *op)
     nb = Py_TYPE(op)->tp_as_number;
     if (nb == NULL || nb->nb_float == NULL) {
         if (nb && nb->nb_index) {
-            PyObject *res = PyNumber_Index(op);
+            PyObject *res = _PyNumber_Index(op);
             if (!res) {
                 return -1;
             }
diff --git a/Objects/longobject.c b/Objects/longobject.c
index e040d6c87b9..4ae17c972c2 100644
--- a/Objects/longobject.c
+++ b/Objects/longobject.c
@@ -394,7 +394,7 @@ PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow(PyObject *vv, int *overflow)
         v = (PyLongObject *)vv;
     }
     else {
-        v = (PyLongObject *)PyNumber_Index(vv);
+        v = (PyLongObject *)_PyNumber_Index(vv);
         if (v == NULL)
             return -1;
         do_decref = 1;
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@ PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(PyObject *op)
         return _PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(op);
     }
 
-    lo = (PyLongObject *)PyNumber_Index(op);
+    lo = (PyLongObject *)_PyNumber_Index(op);
     if (lo == NULL)
         return (unsigned long)-1;
 
@@ -1132,7 +1132,7 @@ PyLong_AsLongLong(PyObject *vv)
         v = (PyLongObject *)vv;
     }
     else {
-        v = (PyLongObject *)PyNumber_Index(vv);
+        v = (PyLongObject *)_PyNumber_Index(vv);
         if (v == NULL)
             return -1;
         do_decref = 1;
@@ -1247,7 +1247,7 @@ PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(PyObject *op)
         return _PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(op);
     }
 
-    lo = (PyLongObject *)PyNumber_Index(op);
+    lo = (PyLongObject *)_PyNumber_Index(op);
     if (lo == NULL)
         return (unsigned long long)-1;
 
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow(PyObject *vv, int *overflow)
         v = (PyLongObject *)vv;
     }
     else {
-        v = (PyLongObject *)PyNumber_Index(vv);
+        v = (PyLongObject *)_PyNumber_Index(vv);
         if (v == NULL)
             return -1;
         do_decref = 1;
@@ -5180,7 +5180,7 @@ long_round(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
     if (o_ndigits == NULL)
         return long_long(self);
 
-    ndigits = PyNumber_Index(o_ndigits);
+    ndigits = _PyNumber_Index(o_ndigits);
     if (ndigits == NULL)
         return NULL;
 
diff --git a/Objects/memoryobject.c b/Objects/memoryobject.c
index 682bbe8a61e..e3d3bd6a174 100644
--- a/Objects/memoryobject.c
+++ b/Objects/memoryobject.c
@@ -1578,7 +1578,7 @@ pylong_as_ld(PyObject *item)
     PyObject *tmp;
     long ld;
 
-    tmp = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    tmp = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (tmp == NULL)
         return -1;
 
@@ -1593,7 +1593,7 @@ pylong_as_lu(PyObject *item)
     PyObject *tmp;
     unsigned long lu;
 
-    tmp = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    tmp = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (tmp == NULL)
         return (unsigned long)-1;
 
@@ -1608,7 +1608,7 @@ pylong_as_lld(PyObject *item)
     PyObject *tmp;
     long long lld;
 
-    tmp = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    tmp = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (tmp == NULL)
         return -1;
 
@@ -1623,7 +1623,7 @@ pylong_as_llu(PyObject *item)
     PyObject *tmp;
     unsigned long long llu;
 
-    tmp = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    tmp = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (tmp == NULL)
         return (unsigned long long)-1;
 
@@ -1638,7 +1638,7 @@ pylong_as_zd(PyObject *item)
     PyObject *tmp;
     Py_ssize_t zd;
 
-    tmp = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    tmp = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (tmp == NULL)
         return -1;
 
@@ -1653,7 +1653,7 @@ pylong_as_zu(PyObject *item)
     PyObject *tmp;
     size_t zu;
 
-    tmp = PyNumber_Index(item);
+    tmp = _PyNumber_Index(item);
     if (tmp == NULL)
         return (size_t)-1;
 
diff --git a/Objects/stringlib/clinic/transmogrify.h.h b/Objects/stringlib/clinic/transmogrify.h.h
index 8dd7e6b5bb9..a5135a0cba0 100644
--- a/Objects/stringlib/clinic/transmogrify.h.h
+++ b/Objects/stringlib/clinic/transmogrify.h.h
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ stringlib_ljust(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ stringlib_rjust(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ stringlib_center(PyObject *self, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs)
     }
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[0]);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ stringlib_zfill(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
 
     {
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(arg);
+        PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(arg);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -249,4 +249,4 @@ stringlib_zfill(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=cd5ecdbf1d9e849a input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=2d9abc7b1cffeca6 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Objects/typeobject.c b/Objects/typeobject.c
index ba2a852cdda..1d556e96be5 100644
--- a/Objects/typeobject.c
+++ b/Objects/typeobject.c
@@ -6334,7 +6334,7 @@ slot_sq_length(PyObject *self)
     if (res == NULL)
         return -1;
 
-    Py_SETREF(res, PyNumber_Index(res));
+    Py_SETREF(res, _PyNumber_Index(res));
     if (res == NULL)
         return -1;
 
diff --git a/Objects/unicodeobject.c b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
index ea46a44bf5f..511640438d0 100644
--- a/Objects/unicodeobject.c
+++ b/Objects/unicodeobject.c
@@ -14617,7 +14617,7 @@ mainformatlong(PyObject *v,
     /* make sure number is a type of integer for o, x, and X */
     if (!PyLong_Check(v)) {
         if (type == 'o' || type == 'x' || type == 'X') {
-            iobj = PyNumber_Index(v);
+            iobj = _PyNumber_Index(v);
             if (iobj == NULL) {
                 if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_TypeError))
                     goto wrongtype;
diff --git a/Python/clinic/_warnings.c.h b/Python/clinic/_warnings.c.h
index 80ed2ae8ab1..ad6b9a8e242 100644
--- a/Python/clinic/_warnings.c.h
+++ b/Python/clinic/_warnings.c.h
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ warnings_warn(PyObject *module, PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObjec
     if (args[2]) {
         {
             Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-            PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
+            PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index(args[2]);
             if (iobj != NULL) {
                 ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                 Py_DECREF(iobj);
@@ -66,4 +66,4 @@ skip_optional_pos:
 exit:
     return return_value;
 }
-/*[clinic end generated code: output=484e5ffe94edf0f0 input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
+/*[clinic end generated code: output=eb9997fa998fdbad input=a9049054013a1b77]*/
diff --git a/Python/getargs.c b/Python/getargs.c
index 63afae25494..524ad917cd0 100644
--- a/Python/getargs.c
+++ b/Python/getargs.c
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ convertsimple(PyObject *arg, const char **p_format, va_list *p_va, int flags,
         PyObject *iobj;
         Py_ssize_t *p = va_arg(*p_va, Py_ssize_t *);
         Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-        iobj = PyNumber_Index(arg);
+        iobj = _PyNumber_Index(arg);
         if (iobj != NULL) {
             ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
             Py_DECREF(iobj);
diff --git a/Tools/clinic/clinic.py b/Tools/clinic/clinic.py
index 0f40e0679f0..b1bf7826ebf 100755
--- a/Tools/clinic/clinic.py
+++ b/Tools/clinic/clinic.py
@@ -3062,7 +3062,7 @@ class Py_ssize_t_converter(CConverter):
             return """
                 {{{{
                     Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
-                    PyObject *iobj = PyNumber_Index({argname});
+                    PyObject *iobj = _PyNumber_Index({argname});
                     if (iobj != NULL) {{{{
                         ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
                         Py_DECREF(iobj);