merge

Doc/whatsnew/3.3.rst

@@ -452,6 +452,89 @@ new, more precise information::
    '<function C.D.meth at 0x7f46b9fe31e0>'
 
 
+Using importlib as the Implementation of Import
+===============================================
+:issue:`2377` - Replace __import__ w/ importlib.__import__
+:issue:`13959` - Re-implement parts of :mod:`imp` in pure Python
+:issue:`14605` - Make import machinery explicit
+:issue:`14646` - Require loaders set __loader__ and __package__
+
+(Written by Brett Cannon)
+
+The :func:`__import__` function is now powered by :func:`importlib.__import__`.
+This work leads to the completion of "phase 2" of :pep:`302`. There are
+multiple benefits to this change. First, it has allowed for more of the
+machinery powering import to be exposed instead of being implicit and hidden
+within the C code. It also provides a single implementation for all Python VMs
+supporting Python 3.3 to use, helping to end any VM-specific deviations in
+import semantics. And finally it eases the maintenance of import, allowing for
+future growth to occur.
+
+For the common user, this change should result in no visible change in
+semantics. Any possible changes required in one's code to handle this change
+should read the `Porting Python code`_ section of this document to see what
+needs to be changed, but it will only affect those that currently manipulate
+import or try calling it programmatically.
+
+New APIs
+--------
+One of the large benefits of this work is the exposure of what goes into
+making the import statement work. That means the various importers that were
+once implicit are now fully exposed as part of the :mod:`importlib` package.
+
+In terms of finders, * :class:`importlib.machinery.FileFinder` exposes the
+mechanism used to search for source and bytecode files of a module. Previously
+this class was an implicit member of :attr:`sys.path_hooks`.
+
+For loaders, the new abstract base class :class:`importlib.abc.FileLoader` helps
+write a loader that uses the file system as the storage mechanism for a module's
+code. The loader for source files
+(:class:`importlib.machinery.SourceFileLoader`), sourceless bytecode files
+(:class:`importlib.machinery.SourcelessFileLoader`), and extension modules
+(:class:`importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader`) are now available for
+direct use.
+
+:exc:`ImportError` now has ``name`` and ``path`` attributes which are set when
+there is relevant data to provide. The message for failed imports will also
+provide the full name of the module now instead of just the tail end of the
+module's name.
+
+The :func:`importlib.invalidate_caches` function will now call the method with
+the same name on all finders cached in :attr:`sys.path_importer_cache` to help
+clean up any stored state as necessary.
+
+Visible Changes
+---------------
+[For potential required changes to code, see the `Porting Python code`_
+section]
+
+Beyond the expanse of what :mod:`importlib` now exposes, there are other
+visible changes to import. The biggest is that :attr:`sys.meta_path` and
+:attr:`sys.path_hooks` now store all of the finders used by import explicitly.
+Previously the finders were implicit and hidden within the C code of import
+instead of being directly exposed. This means that one can now easily remove or
+change the order of the various finders to fit one's needs.
+
+Another change is that all modules have a ``__loader__`` attribute, storing the
+loader used to create the module. :pep:`302` has been updated to make this
+attribute mandatory for loaders to implement, so in the future once 3rd-party
+loaders have been updated people will be able to rely on the existence of the
+attribute. Until such time, though, import is setting the module post-load.
+
+Loaders are also now expected to set the ``__package__`` attribute from
+:pep:`366`. Once again, import itself is already setting this on all loaders
+from :mod:`importlib` and import itself is setting the attribute post-load.
+
+``None`` is now inserted into :attr:`sys.path_importer_cache` when no finder
+can be found on :attr:`sys.path_hooks`. Since :class:`imp.NullImporter` is not
+directly exposed on :attr:`sys.path_hooks` it could no longer be relied upon to
+always be available to use as a value representing no finder found.
+
+All other changes relate to semantic changes which should be taken into
+consideration when updating code for Python 3.3, and thus should be read about
+in the `Porting Python code`_ section of this document.
+
+
 Other Language Changes
 ======================
 
@@ -1283,6 +1366,45 @@ Porting Python code
   timestamp is out of range. :exc:`OSError` is now raised if C functions
   :c:func:`gmtime` or :c:func:`localtime` failed.
 
+* The default finders used by import now utilize a cache of what is contained
+  within a specific directory. If you create a Python source file or sourceless
+  bytecode file, make sure to call :func:`importlib.invalidate_caches` to clear
+  out the cache for the finders to notice the new file.
+
+* :exc:`ImportError` now uses the full name of the module that was attemped to
+  be imported. Doctests that check ImportErrors' message will need to be
+  updated to use the full name of the module instead of just the tail of the
+  name.
+
+* The **index** argument to :func:`__import__` now defaults to 0 instead of -1
+  and no longer support negative values. It was an oversight when :pep:`328` was
+  implemented that the default value remained -1. If you need to continue to
+  perform a relative import followed by an absolute import, then perform the
+  relative import using an index of 1, followed by another import using an
+  index of 0. It is preferred, though, that you use
+  :func:`importlib.import_module` rather than call :func:`__import__` directly.
+
+* :func:`__import__` no longer allows one to use an index value other than 0
+  for top-level modules. E.g. ``__import__('sys', level=1)`` is now an error.
+
+* Because :attr:`sys.meta_path` and :attr:`sys.path_hooks` now have finders on
+  them by default, you will most likely want to use :meth:`list.insert` instead
+  of :meth:`list.append` to add to those lists.
+
+* Because ``None`` is now inserted into :attr:`sys.path_importer_cache`, if you
+  are clearing out entries in the dictionary of paths that do not have a
+  finder, you will need to remove keys paired with values of ``None`` **and**
+  :class:`imp.NullImporter` to be backwards-compatible. This will need to extra
+  overhead on older versions of Python that re-insert ``None`` into
+  :attr:`sys.path_importer_cache` where it repesents the use of implicit
+  finders, but semantically it should not change anything.
+
+* :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.path_mtime` is now deprecated in favour of
+  :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.path_stats` as bytecode files now store
+  both the modification time and size of the source file the bytecode file was
+  compiled from.
+
+
 Porting C code
 --------------
 

Lib/functools.py

@@ -170,13 +170,12 @@ def lru_cache(maxsize=100, typed=False):
     # Constants shared by all lru cache instances:
     kwd_mark = (object(),)       # separate positional and keyword args
     sentinel = object()          # unique object used to signal cache misses
-    _len = len               # localize the global len() function
     PREV, NEXT, KEY, RESULT = 0, 1, 2, 3   # names for the link fields
 
     def decorating_function(user_function):
 
         cache = {}
-        hits = misses = 0
+        hits = misses = currsize = 0
         cache_get = cache.get    # bound method to lookup a key or return None
         lock = Lock()            # because linkedlist updates aren't threadsafe
         root = []                # root of the circular doubly linked list
@@ -209,7 +208,7 @@ def lru_cache(maxsize=100, typed=False):
 
             def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
                 # simple caching without ordering or size limit
-                nonlocal hits, misses
+                nonlocal hits, misses, currsize
                 key = make_key(args, kwds, typed) if kwds or typed else args
                 result = cache_get(key, sentinel)
                 if result is not sentinel:
@@ -218,13 +217,14 @@ def lru_cache(maxsize=100, typed=False):
                 result = user_function(*args, **kwds)
                 cache[key] = result
                 misses += 1
+                currsize += 1
                 return result
 
         else:
 
             def wrapper(*args, **kwds):
                 # size limited caching that tracks accesses by recency
-                nonlocal root, hits, misses
+                nonlocal root, hits, misses, currsize
                 key = make_key(args, kwds, typed) if kwds or typed else args
                 with lock:
                     link = cache_get(key)
@@ -241,11 +241,12 @@ def lru_cache(maxsize=100, typed=False):
                         return result
                 result = user_function(*args, **kwds)
                 with lock:
-                    if _len(cache) < maxsize:
+                    if currsize < maxsize:
                         # put result in a new link at the front of the queue
                         last = root[PREV]
                         link = [last, root, key, result]
                         cache[key] = last[NEXT] = root[PREV] = link
+                        currsize += 1
                     else:
                         # use root to store the new key and result
                         root[KEY] = key
@@ -261,15 +262,15 @@ def lru_cache(maxsize=100, typed=False):
         def cache_info():
             """Report cache statistics"""
             with lock:
-                return _CacheInfo(hits, misses, maxsize, len(cache))
+                return _CacheInfo(hits, misses, maxsize, currsize)
 
         def cache_clear():
             """Clear the cache and cache statistics"""
-            nonlocal hits, misses
+            nonlocal hits, misses, currsize
             with lock:
                 cache.clear()
                 root[:] = [root, root, None, None]
-                hits = misses = 0
+                hits = misses = currsize = 0
 
         wrapper.cache_info = cache_info
         wrapper.cache_clear = cache_clear