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# Copyright (C) 2001-2007 Python Software Foundation
# Author: Barry Warsaw
# Contact: email-sig@python.org
"""Basic message object for the email package object model."""
__all__ = ['Message']
import re
import uu
import base64
import binascii
import warnings
from io import BytesIO, StringIO
# Intrapackage imports
from email import utils
from email import errors
from email import header
from email import charset as _charset
Charset = _charset.Charset
SEMISPACE = '; '
# Regular expression that matches `special' characters in parameters, the
# existence of which force quoting of the parameter value.
tspecials = re.compile(r'[ \(\)<>@,;:\\"/\[\]\?=]')
# How to figure out if we are processing strings that come from a byte
# source with undecodable characters.
_has_surrogates = re.compile(
'([^\ud800-\udbff]|\A)[\udc00-\udfff]([^\udc00-\udfff]|\Z)').search
# Helper functions
def _sanitize_header(name, value):
# If the header value contains surrogates, return a Header using
# the unknown-8bit charset to encode the bytes as encoded words.
if not isinstance(value, str):
# Assume it is already a header object
return value
if _has_surrogates(value):
return header.Header(value, charset=_charset.UNKNOWN8BIT,
header_name=name)
else:
return value
def _splitparam(param):
# Split header parameters. BAW: this may be too simple. It isn't
# strictly RFC 2045 (section 5.1) compliant, but it catches most headers
# found in the wild. We may eventually need a full fledged parser
# eventually.
a, sep, b = param.partition(';')
if not sep:
return a.strip(), None
return a.strip(), b.strip()
def _formatparam(param, value=None, quote=True):
"""Convenience function to format and return a key=value pair.
This will quote the value if needed or if quote is true. If value is a
three tuple (charset, language, value), it will be encoded according
to RFC2231 rules. If it contains non-ascii characters it will likewise
be encoded according to RFC2231 rules, using the utf-8 charset and
a null language.
"""
if value is not None and len(value) > 0:
# A tuple is used for RFC 2231 encoded parameter values where items
# are (charset, language, value). charset is a string, not a Charset
# instance. RFC 2231 encoded values are never quoted, per RFC.
if isinstance(value, tuple):
# Encode as per RFC 2231
param += '*'
value = utils.encode_rfc2231(value[2], value[0], value[1])
return '%s=%s' % (param, value)
else:
try:
value.encode('ascii')
except UnicodeEncodeError:
param += '*'
value = utils.encode_rfc2231(value, 'utf-8', '')
return '%s=%s' % (param, value)
# BAW: Please check this. I think that if quote is set it should
# force quoting even if not necessary.
if quote or tspecials.search(value):
return '%s="%s"' % (param, utils.quote(value))
else:
return '%s=%s' % (param, value)
else:
return param
def _parseparam(s):
plist = []
while s[:1] == ';':
s = s[1:]
end = s.find(';')
while end > 0 and (s.count('"', 0, end) - s.count('\\"', 0, end)) % 2:
end = s.find(';', end + 1)
if end < 0:
end = len(s)
f = s[:end]
if '=' in f:
i = f.index('=')
f = f[:i].strip().lower() + '=' + f[i+1:].strip()
plist.append(f.strip())
s = s[end:]
return plist
def _unquotevalue(value):
# This is different than utils.collapse_rfc2231_value() because it doesn't
# try to convert the value to a unicode. Message.get_param() and
# Message.get_params() are both currently defined to return the tuple in
# the face of RFC 2231 parameters.
if isinstance(value, tuple):
return value[0], value[1], utils.unquote(value[2])
else:
return utils.unquote(value)
class Message:
"""Basic message object.
A message object is defined as something that has a bunch of RFC 2822
headers and a payload. It may optionally have an envelope header
(a.k.a. Unix-From or From_ header). If the message is a container (i.e. a
multipart or a message/rfc822), then the payload is a list of Message
objects, otherwise it is a string.
Message objects implement part of the `mapping' interface, which assumes
there is exactly one occurrence of the header per message. Some headers
do in fact appear multiple times (e.g. Received) and for those headers,
you must use the explicit API to set or get all the headers. Not all of
the mapping methods are implemented.
"""
def __init__(self):
self._headers = []
self._unixfrom = None
self._payload = None
self._charset = None
# Defaults for multipart messages
self.preamble = self.epilogue = None
self.defects = []
# Default content type
self._default_type = 'text/plain'
def __str__(self):
"""Return the entire formatted message as a string.
This includes the headers, body, and envelope header.
"""
return self.as_string()
def as_string(self, unixfrom=False, maxheaderlen=0):
"""Return the entire formatted message as a string.
Optional `unixfrom' when True, means include the Unix From_ envelope
header.
This is a convenience method and may not generate the message exactly
as you intend because by default it mangles lines that begin with
"From ". For more flexibility, use the flatten() method of a
Generator instance.
"""
from email.generator import Generator
fp = StringIO()
g = Generator(fp, mangle_from_=False, maxheaderlen=maxheaderlen)
g.flatten(self, unixfrom=unixfrom)
return fp.getvalue()
def is_multipart(self):
"""Return True if the message consists of multiple parts."""
return isinstance(self._payload, list)
#
# Unix From_ line
#
def set_unixfrom(self, unixfrom):
self._unixfrom = unixfrom
def get_unixfrom(self):
return self._unixfrom
#
# Payload manipulation.
#
def attach(self, payload):
"""Add the given payload to the current payload.
The current payload will always be a list of objects after this method
is called. If you want to set the payload to a scalar object, use
set_payload() instead.
"""
if self._payload is None:
self._payload = [payload]
else:
self._payload.append(payload)
def get_payload(self, i=None, decode=False):
"""Return a reference to the payload.
The payload will either be a list object or a string. If you mutate
the list object, you modify the message's payload in place. Optional
i returns that index into the payload.
Optional decode is a flag indicating whether the payload should be
decoded or not, according to the Content-Transfer-Encoding header
(default is False).
When True and the message is not a multipart, the payload will be
decoded if this header's value is `quoted-printable' or `base64'. If
some other encoding is used, or the header is missing, or if the
payload has bogus data (i.e. bogus base64 or uuencoded data), the
payload is returned as-is.
If the message is a multipart and the decode flag is True, then None
is returned.
"""
# Here is the logic table for this code, based on the email5.0.0 code:
# i decode is_multipart result
# ------ ------ ------------ ------------------------------
# None True True None
# i True True None
# None False True _payload (a list)
# i False True _payload element i (a Message)
# i False False error (not a list)
# i True False error (not a list)
# None False False _payload
# None True False _payload decoded (bytes)
# Note that Barry planned to factor out the 'decode' case, but that
# isn't so easy now that we handle the 8 bit data, which needs to be
# converted in both the decode and non-decode path.
if self.is_multipart():
if decode:
return None
if i is None:
return self._payload
else:
return self._payload[i]
# For backward compatibility, Use isinstance and this error message
# instead of the more logical is_multipart test.
if i is not None and not isinstance(self._payload, list):
raise TypeError('Expected list, got %s' % type(self._payload))
payload = self._payload
cte = self.get('content-transfer-encoding', '').lower()
# payload can be bytes here, (I wonder if that is actually a bug?)
if isinstance(payload, str):
if _has_surrogates(payload):
bpayload = payload.encode('ascii', 'surrogateescape')
if not decode:
try:
payload = bpayload.decode(self.get_param('charset', 'ascii'), 'replace')
except LookupError:
payload = bpayload.decode('ascii', 'replace')
elif decode:
try:
bpayload = payload.encode('ascii')
except UnicodeError:
# This won't happen for RFC compliant messages (messages
# containing only ASCII codepoints in the unicode input).
# If it does happen, turn the string into bytes in a way
# guaranteed not to fail.
bpayload = payload.encode('raw-unicode-escape')
if not decode:
return payload
if cte == 'quoted-printable':
return utils._qdecode(bpayload)
elif cte == 'base64':
try:
return base64.b64decode(bpayload)
except binascii.Error:
# Incorrect padding
return bpayload
elif cte in ('x-uuencode', 'uuencode', 'uue', 'x-uue'):
in_file = BytesIO(bpayload)
out_file = BytesIO()
try:
uu.decode(in_file, out_file, quiet=True)
return out_file.getvalue()
except uu.Error:
# Some decoding problem
return bpayload
if isinstance(payload, str):
return bpayload
return payload
def set_payload(self, payload, charset=None):
"""Set the payload to the given value.
Optional charset sets the message's default character set. See
set_charset() for details.
"""
self._payload = payload
if charset is not None:
self.set_charset(charset)
def set_charset(self, charset):
"""Set the charset of the payload to a given character set.
charset can be a Charset instance, a string naming a character set, or
None. If it is a string it will be converted to a Charset instance.
If charset is None, the charset parameter will be removed from the
Content-Type field. Anything else will generate a TypeError.
The message will be assumed to be of type text/* encoded with
charset.input_charset. It will be converted to charset.output_charset
and encoded properly, if needed, when generating the plain text
representation of the message. MIME headers (MIME-Version,
Content-Type, Content-Transfer-Encoding) will be added as needed.
"""
if charset is None:
self.del_param('charset')
self._charset = None
return
if not isinstance(charset, Charset):
charset = Charset(charset)
self._charset = charset
if 'MIME-Version' not in self:
self.add_header('MIME-Version', '1.0')
if 'Content-Type' not in self:
self.add_header('Content-Type', 'text/plain',
charset=charset.get_output_charset())
else:
self.set_param('charset', charset.get_output_charset())
if charset != charset.get_output_charset():
self._payload = charset.body_encode(self._payload)
if 'Content-Transfer-Encoding' not in self:
cte = charset.get_body_encoding()
try:
cte(self)
except TypeError:
self._payload = charset.body_encode(self._payload)
self.add_header('Content-Transfer-Encoding', cte)
def get_charset(self):
"""Return the Charset instance associated with the message's payload.
"""
return self._charset
#
# MAPPING INTERFACE (partial)
#
def __len__(self):
"""Return the total number of headers, including duplicates."""
return len(self._headers)
def __getitem__(self, name):
"""Get a header value.
Return None if the header is missing instead of raising an exception.
Note that if the header appeared multiple times, exactly which
occurrence gets returned is undefined. Use get_all() to get all
the values matching a header field name.
"""
return self.get(name)
def __setitem__(self, name, val):
"""Set the value of a header.
Note: this does not overwrite an existing header with the same field
name. Use __delitem__() first to delete any existing headers.
"""
self._headers.append((name, val))
def __delitem__(self, name):
"""Delete all occurrences of a header, if present.
Does not raise an exception if the header is missing.
"""
name = name.lower()
newheaders = []
for k, v in self._headers:
if k.lower() != name:
newheaders.append((k, v))
self._headers = newheaders
def __contains__(self, name):
return name.lower() in [k.lower() for k, v in self._headers]
def __iter__(self):
for field, value in self._headers:
yield field
def keys(self):
"""Return a list of all the message's header field names.
These will be sorted in the order they appeared in the original
message, or were added to the message, and may contain duplicates.
Any fields deleted and re-inserted are always appended to the header
list.
"""
return [k for k, v in self._headers]
def values(self):
"""Return a list of all the message's header values.
These will be sorted in the order they appeared in the original
message, or were added to the message, and may contain duplicates.
Any fields deleted and re-inserted are always appended to the header
list.
"""
return [_sanitize_header(k, v) for k, v in self._headers]
def items(self):
"""Get all the message's header fields and values.
These will be sorted in the order they appeared in the original
message, or were added to the message, and may contain duplicates.
Any fields deleted and re-inserted are always appended to the header
list.
"""
return [(k, _sanitize_header(k, v)) for k, v in self._headers]
def get(self, name, failobj=None):
"""Get a header value.
Like __getitem__() but return failobj instead of None when the field
is missing.
"""
name = name.lower()
for k, v in self._headers:
if k.lower() == name:
return _sanitize_header(k, v)
return failobj
#
# Additional useful stuff
#
def get_all(self, name, failobj=None):
"""Return a list of all the values for the named field.
These will be sorted in the order they appeared in the original
message, and may contain duplicates. Any fields deleted and
re-inserted are always appended to the header list.
If no such fields exist, failobj is returned (defaults to None).
"""
values = []
name = name.lower()
for k, v in self._headers:
if k.lower() == name:
values.append(_sanitize_header(k, v))
if not values:
return failobj
return values
def add_header(self, _name, _value, **_params):
"""Extended header setting.
name is the header field to add. keyword arguments can be used to set
additional parameters for the header field, with underscores converted
to dashes. Normally the parameter will be added as key="value" unless
value is None, in which case only the key will be added. If a
parameter value contains non-ASCII characters it can be specified as a
three-tuple of (charset, language, value), in which case it will be
encoded according to RFC2231 rules. Otherwise it will be encoded using
the utf-8 charset and a language of ''.
Examples:
msg.add_header('content-disposition', 'attachment', filename='bud.gif')
msg.add_header('content-disposition', 'attachment',
filename=('utf-8', '', Fußballer.ppt'))
msg.add_header('content-disposition', 'attachment',
filename='Fußballer.ppt'))
"""
parts = []
for k, v in _params.items():
if v is None:
parts.append(k.replace('_', '-'))
else:
parts.append(_formatparam(k.replace('_', '-'), v))
if _value is not None:
parts.insert(0, _value)
self._headers.append((_name, SEMISPACE.join(parts)))
def replace_header(self, _name, _value):
"""Replace a header.
Replace the first matching header found in the message, retaining
header order and case. If no matching header was found, a KeyError is
raised.
"""
_name = _name.lower()
for i, (k, v) in zip(range(len(self._headers)), self._headers):
if k.lower() == _name:
self._headers[i] = (k, _value)
break
else:
raise KeyError(_name)
#
# Use these three methods instead of the three above.
#
def get_content_type(self):
"""Return the message's content type.
The returned string is coerced to lower case of the form
`maintype/subtype'. If there was no Content-Type header in the
message, the default type as given by get_default_type() will be
returned. Since according to RFC 2045, messages always have a default
type this will always return a value.
RFC 2045 defines a message's default type to be text/plain unless it
appears inside a multipart/digest container, in which case it would be
message/rfc822.
"""
missing = object()
value = self.get('content-type', missing)
if value is missing:
# This should have no parameters
return self.get_default_type()
ctype = _splitparam(value)[0].lower()
# RFC 2045, section 5.2 says if its invalid, use text/plain
if ctype.count('/') != 1:
return 'text/plain'
return ctype
def get_content_maintype(self):
"""Return the message's main content type.
This is the `maintype' part of the string returned by
get_content_type().
"""
ctype = self.get_content_type()
return ctype.split('/')[0]
def get_content_subtype(self):
"""Returns the message's sub-content type.
This is the `subtype' part of the string returned by
get_content_type().
"""
ctype = self.get_content_type()
return ctype.split('/')[1]
def get_default_type(self):
"""Return the `default' content type.
Most messages have a default content type of text/plain, except for
messages that are subparts of multipart/digest containers. Such
subparts have a default content type of message/rfc822.
"""
return self._default_type
def set_default_type(self, ctype):
"""Set the `default' content type.
ctype should be either "text/plain" or "message/rfc822", although this
is not enforced. The default content type is not stored in the
Content-Type header.
"""
self._default_type = ctype
def _get_params_preserve(self, failobj, header):
# Like get_params() but preserves the quoting of values. BAW:
# should this be part of the public interface?
missing = object()
value = self.get(header, missing)
if value is missing:
return failobj
params = []
for p in _parseparam(';' + value):
try:
name, val = p.split('=', 1)
name = name.strip()
val = val.strip()
except ValueError:
# Must have been a bare attribute
name = p.strip()
val = ''
params.append((name, val))
params = utils.decode_params(params)
return params
def get_params(self, failobj=None, header='content-type', unquote=True):
"""Return the message's Content-Type parameters, as a list.
The elements of the returned list are 2-tuples of key/value pairs, as
split on the `=' sign. The left hand side of the `=' is the key,
while the right hand side is the value. If there is no `=' sign in
the parameter the value is the empty string. The value is as
described in the get_param() method.
Optional failobj is the object to return if there is no Content-Type
header. Optional header is the header to search instead of
Content-Type. If unquote is True, the value is unquoted.
"""
missing = object()
params = self._get_params_preserve(missing, header)
if params is missing:
return failobj
if unquote:
return [(k, _unquotevalue(v)) for k, v in params]
else:
return params
def get_param(self, param, failobj=None, header='content-type',
unquote=True):
"""Return the parameter value if found in the Content-Type header.
Optional failobj is the object to return if there is no Content-Type
header, or the Content-Type header has no such parameter. Optional
header is the header to search instead of Content-Type.
Parameter keys are always compared case insensitively. The return
value can either be a string, or a 3-tuple if the parameter was RFC
2231 encoded. When it's a 3-tuple, the elements of the value are of
the form (CHARSET, LANGUAGE, VALUE). Note that both CHARSET and
LANGUAGE can be None, in which case you should consider VALUE to be
encoded in the us-ascii charset. You can usually ignore LANGUAGE.
Your application should be prepared to deal with 3-tuple return
values, and can convert the parameter to a Unicode string like so:
param = msg.get_param('foo')
if isinstance(param, tuple):
param = unicode(param[2], param[0] or 'us-ascii')
In any case, the parameter value (either the returned string, or the
VALUE item in the 3-tuple) is always unquoted, unless unquote is set
to False.
"""
if header not in self:
return failobj
for k, v in self._get_params_preserve(failobj, header):
if k.lower() == param.lower():
if unquote:
return _unquotevalue(v)
else:
return v
return failobj
def set_param(self, param, value, header='Content-Type', requote=True,
charset=None, language=''):
"""Set a parameter in the Content-Type header.
If the parameter already exists in the header, its value will be
replaced with the new value.
If header is Content-Type and has not yet been defined for this
message, it will be set to "text/plain" and the new parameter and
value will be appended as per RFC 2045.
An alternate header can specified in the header argument, and all
parameters will be quoted as necessary unless requote is False.
If charset is specified, the parameter will be encoded according to RFC
2231. Optional language specifies the RFC 2231 language, defaulting
to the empty string. Both charset and language should be strings.
"""
if not isinstance(value, tuple) and charset:
value = (charset, language, value)
if header not in self and header.lower() == 'content-type':
ctype = 'text/plain'
else:
ctype = self.get(header)
if not self.get_param(param, header=header):
if not ctype:
ctype = _formatparam(param, value, requote)
else:
ctype = SEMISPACE.join(
[ctype, _formatparam(param, value, requote)])
else:
ctype = ''
for old_param, old_value in self.get_params(header=header,
unquote=requote):
append_param = ''
if old_param.lower() == param.lower():
append_param = _formatparam(param, value, requote)
else:
append_param = _formatparam(old_param, old_value, requote)
if not ctype:
ctype = append_param
else:
ctype = SEMISPACE.join([ctype, append_param])
if ctype != self.get(header):
del self[header]
self[header] = ctype
def del_param(self, param, header='content-type', requote=True):
"""Remove the given parameter completely from the Content-Type header.
The header will be re-written in place without the parameter or its
value. All values will be quoted as necessary unless requote is
False. Optional header specifies an alternative to the Content-Type
header.
"""
if header not in self:
return
new_ctype = ''
for p, v in self.get_params(header=header, unquote=requote):
if p.lower() != param.lower():
if not new_ctype:
new_ctype = _formatparam(p, v, requote)
else:
new_ctype = SEMISPACE.join([new_ctype,
_formatparam(p, v, requote)])
if new_ctype != self.get(header):
del self[header]
self[header] = new_ctype
def set_type(self, type, header='Content-Type', requote=True):
"""Set the main type and subtype for the Content-Type header.
type must be a string in the form "maintype/subtype", otherwise a
ValueError is raised.
This method replaces the Content-Type header, keeping all the
parameters in place. If requote is False, this leaves the existing
header's quoting as is. Otherwise, the parameters will be quoted (the
default).
An alternative header can be specified in the header argument. When
the Content-Type header is set, we'll always also add a MIME-Version
header.
"""
# BAW: should we be strict?
if not type.count('/') == 1:
raise ValueError
# Set the Content-Type, you get a MIME-Version
if header.lower() == 'content-type':
del self['mime-version']
self['MIME-Version'] = '1.0'
if header not in self:
self[header] = type
return
params = self.get_params(header=header, unquote=requote)
del self[header]
self[header] = type
# Skip the first param; it's the old type.
for p, v in params[1:]:
self.set_param(p, v, header, requote)
def get_filename(self, failobj=None):
"""Return the filename associated with the payload if present.
The filename is extracted from the Content-Disposition header's
`filename' parameter, and it is unquoted. If that header is missing
the `filename' parameter, this method falls back to looking for the
`name' parameter.
"""
missing = object()
filename = self.get_param('filename', missing, 'content-disposition')
if filename is missing:
filename = self.get_param('name', missing, 'content-type')
if filename is missing:
return failobj
return utils.collapse_rfc2231_value(filename).strip()
def get_boundary(self, failobj=None):
"""Return the boundary associated with the payload if present.
The boundary is extracted from the Content-Type header's `boundary'
parameter, and it is unquoted.
"""
missing = object()
boundary = self.get_param('boundary', missing)
if boundary is missing:
return failobj
# RFC 2046 says that boundaries may begin but not end in w/s
return utils.collapse_rfc2231_value(boundary).rstrip()
def set_boundary(self, boundary):
"""Set the boundary parameter in Content-Type to 'boundary'.
This is subtly different than deleting the Content-Type header and
adding a new one with a new boundary parameter via add_header(). The
main difference is that using the set_boundary() method preserves the
order of the Content-Type header in the original message.
HeaderParseError is raised if the message has no Content-Type header.
"""
missing = object()
params = self._get_params_preserve(missing, 'content-type')
if params is missing:
# There was no Content-Type header, and we don't know what type
# to set it to, so raise an exception.
raise errors.HeaderParseError('No Content-Type header found')
newparams = []
foundp = False
for pk, pv in params:
if pk.lower() == 'boundary':
newparams.append(('boundary', '"%s"' % boundary))
foundp = True
else:
newparams.append((pk, pv))
if not foundp:
# The original Content-Type header had no boundary attribute.
# Tack one on the end. BAW: should we raise an exception
# instead???
newparams.append(('boundary', '"%s"' % boundary))
# Replace the existing Content-Type header with the new value
newheaders = []
for h, v in self._headers:
if h.lower() == 'content-type':
parts = []
for k, v in newparams:
if v == '':
parts.append(k)
else:
parts.append('%s=%s' % (k, v))
newheaders.append((h, SEMISPACE.join(parts)))
else:
newheaders.append((h, v))
self._headers = newheaders
def get_content_charset(self, failobj=None):
"""Return the charset parameter of the Content-Type header.
The returned string is always coerced to lower case. If there is no
Content-Type header, or if that header has no charset parameter,
failobj is returned.
"""
missing = object()
charset = self.get_param('charset', missing)
if charset is missing:
return failobj
if isinstance(charset, tuple):
# RFC 2231 encoded, so decode it, and it better end up as ascii.
pcharset = charset[0] or 'us-ascii'
try:
# LookupError will be raised if the charset isn't known to
# Python. UnicodeError will be raised if the encoded text
# contains a character not in the charset.
as_bytes = charset[2].encode('raw-unicode-escape')
charset = str(as_bytes, pcharset)
except (LookupError, UnicodeError):
charset = charset[2]
# charset characters must be in us-ascii range
try:
charset.encode('us-ascii')
except UnicodeError:
return failobj
# RFC 2046, $4.1.2 says charsets are not case sensitive
return charset.lower()
def get_charsets(self, failobj=None):
"""Return a list containing the charset(s) used in this message.
The returned list of items describes the Content-Type headers'
charset parameter for this message and all the subparts in its
payload.
Each item will either be a string (the value of the charset parameter
in the Content-Type header of that part) or the value of the
'failobj' parameter (defaults to None), if the part does not have a
main MIME type of "text", or the charset is not defined.
The list will contain one string for each part of the message, plus
one for the container message (i.e. self), so that a non-multipart
message will still return a list of length 1.
"""
return [part.get_content_charset(failobj) for part in self.walk()]
# I.e. def walk(self): ...
from email.iterators import walk
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