mirror of https://github.com/python/cpython
2304 lines
84 KiB
ReStructuredText
2304 lines
84 KiB
ReStructuredText
:mod:`!socket` --- Low-level networking interface
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=================================================
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.. module:: socket
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:synopsis: Low-level networking interface.
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/socket.py`
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--------------
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This module provides access to the BSD *socket* interface. It is available on
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all modern Unix systems, Windows, MacOS, and probably additional platforms.
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.. note::
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Some behavior may be platform dependent, since calls are made to the operating
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system socket APIs.
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.. include:: ../includes/wasm-notavail.rst
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.. index:: pair: object; socket
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The Python interface is a straightforward transliteration of the Unix system
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call and library interface for sockets to Python's object-oriented style: the
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:func:`~socket.socket` function returns a :dfn:`socket object` whose methods implement
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the various socket system calls. Parameter types are somewhat higher-level than
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in the C interface: as with :meth:`read` and :meth:`write` operations on Python
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files, buffer allocation on receive operations is automatic, and buffer length
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is implicit on send operations.
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.. seealso::
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Module :mod:`socketserver`
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Classes that simplify writing network servers.
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Module :mod:`ssl`
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A TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects.
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Socket families
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---------------
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Depending on the system and the build options, various socket families
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are supported by this module.
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The address format required by a particular socket object is automatically
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selected based on the address family specified when the socket object was
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created. Socket addresses are represented as follows:
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- The address of an :const:`AF_UNIX` socket bound to a file system node
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is represented as a string, using the file system encoding and the
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``'surrogateescape'`` error handler (see :pep:`383`). An address in
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Linux's abstract namespace is returned as a :term:`bytes-like object` with
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an initial null byte; note that sockets in this namespace can
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communicate with normal file system sockets, so programs intended to
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run on Linux may need to deal with both types of address. A string or
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bytes-like object can be used for either type of address when
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passing it as an argument.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Previously, :const:`AF_UNIX` socket paths were assumed to use UTF-8
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encoding.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.5
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Writable :term:`bytes-like object` is now accepted.
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.. _host_port:
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- A pair ``(host, port)`` is used for the :const:`AF_INET` address family,
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where *host* is a string representing either a hostname in internet domain
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notation like ``'daring.cwi.nl'`` or an IPv4 address like ``'100.50.200.5'``,
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and *port* is an integer.
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- For IPv4 addresses, two special forms are accepted instead of a host
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address: ``''`` represents :const:`INADDR_ANY`, which is used to bind to all
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interfaces, and the string ``'<broadcast>'`` represents
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:const:`INADDR_BROADCAST`. This behavior is not compatible with IPv6,
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therefore, you may want to avoid these if you intend to support IPv6 with your
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Python programs.
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- For :const:`AF_INET6` address family, a four-tuple ``(host, port, flowinfo,
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scope_id)`` is used, where *flowinfo* and *scope_id* represent the ``sin6_flowinfo``
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and ``sin6_scope_id`` members in :const:`struct sockaddr_in6` in C. For
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:mod:`socket` module methods, *flowinfo* and *scope_id* can be omitted just for
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backward compatibility. Note, however, omission of *scope_id* can cause problems
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in manipulating scoped IPv6 addresses.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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For multicast addresses (with *scope_id* meaningful) *address* may not contain
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``%scope_id`` (or ``zone id``) part. This information is superfluous and may
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be safely omitted (recommended).
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- :const:`AF_NETLINK` sockets are represented as pairs ``(pid, groups)``.
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- Linux-only support for TIPC is available using the :const:`AF_TIPC`
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address family. TIPC is an open, non-IP based networked protocol designed
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for use in clustered computer environments. Addresses are represented by a
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tuple, and the fields depend on the address type. The general tuple form is
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``(addr_type, v1, v2, v3 [, scope])``, where:
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- *addr_type* is one of :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ`, :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAME`,
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or :const:`TIPC_ADDR_ID`.
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- *scope* is one of :const:`TIPC_ZONE_SCOPE`, :const:`TIPC_CLUSTER_SCOPE`, and
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:const:`TIPC_NODE_SCOPE`.
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- If *addr_type* is :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAME`, then *v1* is the server type, *v2* is
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the port identifier, and *v3* should be 0.
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If *addr_type* is :const:`TIPC_ADDR_NAMESEQ`, then *v1* is the server type, *v2*
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is the lower port number, and *v3* is the upper port number.
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If *addr_type* is :const:`TIPC_ADDR_ID`, then *v1* is the node, *v2* is the
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reference, and *v3* should be set to 0.
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- A tuple ``(interface, )`` is used for the :const:`AF_CAN` address family,
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where *interface* is a string representing a network interface name like
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``'can0'``. The network interface name ``''`` can be used to receive packets
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from all network interfaces of this family.
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- :const:`CAN_ISOTP` protocol require a tuple ``(interface, rx_addr, tx_addr)``
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where both additional parameters are unsigned long integer that represent a
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CAN identifier (standard or extended).
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- :const:`CAN_J1939` protocol require a tuple ``(interface, name, pgn, addr)``
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where additional parameters are 64-bit unsigned integer representing the
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ECU name, a 32-bit unsigned integer representing the Parameter Group Number
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(PGN), and an 8-bit integer representing the address.
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- A string or a tuple ``(id, unit)`` is used for the :const:`SYSPROTO_CONTROL`
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protocol of the :const:`PF_SYSTEM` family. The string is the name of a
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kernel control using a dynamically assigned ID. The tuple can be used if ID
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and unit number of the kernel control are known or if a registered ID is
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used.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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- :const:`AF_BLUETOOTH` supports the following protocols and address
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formats:
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- :const:`BTPROTO_L2CAP` accepts ``(bdaddr, psm)`` where ``bdaddr`` is
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the Bluetooth address as a string and ``psm`` is an integer.
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- :const:`BTPROTO_RFCOMM` accepts ``(bdaddr, channel)`` where ``bdaddr``
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is the Bluetooth address as a string and ``channel`` is an integer.
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- :const:`BTPROTO_HCI` accepts ``(device_id,)`` where ``device_id`` is
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either an integer or a string with the Bluetooth address of the
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interface. (This depends on your OS; NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD expect
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a Bluetooth address while everything else expects an integer.)
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.. versionchanged:: 3.2
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NetBSD and DragonFlyBSD support added.
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- :const:`BTPROTO_SCO` accepts ``bdaddr`` where ``bdaddr`` is a
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:class:`bytes` object containing the Bluetooth address in a
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string format. (ex. ``b'12:23:34:45:56:67'``) This protocol is not
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supported under FreeBSD.
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- :const:`AF_ALG` is a Linux-only socket based interface to Kernel
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cryptography. An algorithm socket is configured with a tuple of two to four
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elements ``(type, name [, feat [, mask]])``, where:
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- *type* is the algorithm type as string, e.g. ``aead``, ``hash``,
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``skcipher`` or ``rng``.
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- *name* is the algorithm name and operation mode as string, e.g.
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``sha256``, ``hmac(sha256)``, ``cbc(aes)`` or ``drbg_nopr_ctr_aes256``.
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- *feat* and *mask* are unsigned 32bit integers.
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.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.38.
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Some algorithm types require more recent Kernels.
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.. versionadded:: 3.6
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- :const:`AF_VSOCK` allows communication between virtual machines and
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their hosts. The sockets are represented as a ``(CID, port)`` tuple
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where the context ID or CID and port are integers.
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.. availability:: Linux >= 3.9
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See :manpage:`vsock(7)`
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.. versionadded:: 3.7
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- :const:`AF_PACKET` is a low-level interface directly to network devices.
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The addresses are represented by the tuple
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``(ifname, proto[, pkttype[, hatype[, addr]]])`` where:
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- *ifname* - String specifying the device name.
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- *proto* - The Ethernet protocol number.
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May be :data:`ETH_P_ALL` to capture all protocols,
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one of the :ref:`ETHERTYPE_* constants <socket-ethernet-types>`
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or any other Ethernet protocol number.
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- *pkttype* - Optional integer specifying the packet type:
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- ``PACKET_HOST`` (the default) - Packet addressed to the local host.
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- ``PACKET_BROADCAST`` - Physical-layer broadcast packet.
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- ``PACKET_MULTICAST`` - Packet sent to a physical-layer multicast address.
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- ``PACKET_OTHERHOST`` - Packet to some other host that has been caught by
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a device driver in promiscuous mode.
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- ``PACKET_OUTGOING`` - Packet originating from the local host that is
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looped back to a packet socket.
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- *hatype* - Optional integer specifying the ARP hardware address type.
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- *addr* - Optional bytes-like object specifying the hardware physical
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address, whose interpretation depends on the device.
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.. availability:: Linux >= 2.2.
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- :const:`AF_QIPCRTR` is a Linux-only socket based interface for communicating
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with services running on co-processors in Qualcomm platforms. The address
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family is represented as a ``(node, port)`` tuple where the *node* and *port*
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are non-negative integers.
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.. availability:: Linux >= 4.7.
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.. versionadded:: 3.8
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- :const:`IPPROTO_UDPLITE` is a variant of UDP which allows you to specify
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what portion of a packet is covered with the checksum. It adds two socket
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options that you can change.
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``self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_SEND_CSCOV, length)`` will
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change what portion of outgoing packets are covered by the checksum and
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``self.setsockopt(IPPROTO_UDPLITE, UDPLITE_RECV_CSCOV, length)`` will
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filter out packets which cover too little of their data. In both cases
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``length`` should be in ``range(8, 2**16, 8)``.
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Such a socket should be constructed with
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``socket(AF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE)`` for IPv4 or
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``socket(AF_INET6, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDPLITE)`` for IPv6.
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.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.20, FreeBSD >= 10.1
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.. versionadded:: 3.9
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- :const:`AF_HYPERV` is a Windows-only socket based interface for communicating
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with Hyper-V hosts and guests. The address family is represented as a
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``(vm_id, service_id)`` tuple where the ``vm_id`` and ``service_id`` are
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UUID strings.
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The ``vm_id`` is the virtual machine identifier or a set of known VMID values
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if the target is not a specific virtual machine. Known VMID constants
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defined on ``socket`` are:
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- ``HV_GUID_ZERO``
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- ``HV_GUID_BROADCAST``
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- ``HV_GUID_WILDCARD`` - Used to bind on itself and accept connections from
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all partitions.
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- ``HV_GUID_CHILDREN`` - Used to bind on itself and accept connection from
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child partitions.
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- ``HV_GUID_LOOPBACK`` - Used as a target to itself.
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- ``HV_GUID_PARENT`` - When used as a bind accepts connection from the parent
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partition. When used as an address target it will connect to the parent partition.
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The ``service_id`` is the service identifier of the registered service.
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.. versionadded:: 3.12
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If you use a hostname in the *host* portion of IPv4/v6 socket address, the
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program may show a nondeterministic behavior, as Python uses the first address
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returned from the DNS resolution. The socket address will be resolved
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differently into an actual IPv4/v6 address, depending on the results from DNS
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resolution and/or the host configuration. For deterministic behavior use a
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numeric address in *host* portion.
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All errors raise exceptions. The normal exceptions for invalid argument types
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and out-of-memory conditions can be raised. Errors
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related to socket or address semantics raise :exc:`OSError` or one of its
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subclasses.
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Non-blocking mode is supported through :meth:`~socket.setblocking`. A
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generalization of this based on timeouts is supported through
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:meth:`~socket.settimeout`.
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Module contents
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---------------
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The module :mod:`socket` exports the following elements.
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Exceptions
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^^^^^^^^^^
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.. exception:: error
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A deprecated alias of :exc:`OSError`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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Following :pep:`3151`, this class was made an alias of :exc:`OSError`.
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.. exception:: herror
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A subclass of :exc:`OSError`, this exception is raised for
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address-related errors, i.e. for functions that use *h_errno* in the POSIX
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C API, including :func:`gethostbyname_ex` and :func:`gethostbyaddr`.
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The accompanying value is a pair ``(h_errno, string)`` representing an
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error returned by a library call. *h_errno* is a numeric value, while
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*string* represents the description of *h_errno*, as returned by the
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:c:func:`hstrerror` C function.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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This class was made a subclass of :exc:`OSError`.
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.. exception:: gaierror
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A subclass of :exc:`OSError`, this exception is raised for
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address-related errors by :func:`getaddrinfo` and :func:`getnameinfo`.
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The accompanying value is a pair ``(error, string)`` representing an error
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returned by a library call. *string* represents the description of
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*error*, as returned by the :c:func:`gai_strerror` C function. The
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numeric *error* value will match one of the :const:`!EAI_\*` constants
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defined in this module.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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This class was made a subclass of :exc:`OSError`.
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.. exception:: timeout
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A deprecated alias of :exc:`TimeoutError`.
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A subclass of :exc:`OSError`, this exception is raised when a timeout
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occurs on a socket which has had timeouts enabled via a prior call to
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:meth:`~socket.settimeout` (or implicitly through
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:func:`~socket.setdefaulttimeout`). The accompanying value is a string
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whose value is currently always "timed out".
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.. versionchanged:: 3.3
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This class was made a subclass of :exc:`OSError`.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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This class was made an alias of :exc:`TimeoutError`.
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Constants
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^^^^^^^^^
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The AF_* and SOCK_* constants are now :class:`AddressFamily` and
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:class:`SocketKind` :class:`.IntEnum` collections.
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.. versionadded:: 3.4
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.. data:: AF_UNIX
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AF_INET
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AF_INET6
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These constants represent the address (and protocol) families, used for the
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first argument to :func:`~socket.socket`. If the :const:`AF_UNIX` constant is not
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defined then this protocol is unsupported. More constants may be available
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depending on the system.
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.. data:: AF_UNSPEC
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:const:`AF_UNSPEC` means that
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:func:`getaddrinfo` should return socket addresses for any
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address family (either IPv4, IPv6, or any other) that can be used.
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.. data:: SOCK_STREAM
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SOCK_DGRAM
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SOCK_RAW
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SOCK_RDM
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SOCK_SEQPACKET
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These constants represent the socket types, used for the second argument to
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:func:`~socket.socket`. More constants may be available depending on the system.
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(Only :const:`SOCK_STREAM` and :const:`SOCK_DGRAM` appear to be generally
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useful.)
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.. data:: SOCK_CLOEXEC
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SOCK_NONBLOCK
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These two constants, if defined, can be combined with the socket types and
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allow you to set some flags atomically (thus avoiding possible race
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conditions and the need for separate calls).
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.. seealso::
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`Secure File Descriptor Handling <https://udrepper.livejournal.com/20407.html>`_
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for a more thorough explanation.
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.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.27.
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. _socket-unix-constants:
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.. data:: SO_*
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SOMAXCONN
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MSG_*
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SOL_*
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SCM_*
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IPPROTO_*
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IPPORT_*
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INADDR_*
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IP_*
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IPV6_*
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EAI_*
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AI_*
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NI_*
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TCP_*
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Many constants of these forms, documented in the Unix documentation on sockets
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and/or the IP protocol, are also defined in the socket module. They are
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generally used in arguments to the :meth:`~socket.setsockopt` and :meth:`~socket.getsockopt`
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methods of socket objects. In most cases, only those symbols that are defined
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in the Unix header files are defined; for a few symbols, default values are
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provided.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.6
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``SO_DOMAIN``, ``SO_PROTOCOL``, ``SO_PEERSEC``, ``SO_PASSSEC``,
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``TCP_USER_TIMEOUT``, ``TCP_CONGESTION`` were added.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.6.5
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On Windows, ``TCP_FASTOPEN``, ``TCP_KEEPCNT`` appear if run-time Windows
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supports.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.7
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``TCP_NOTSENT_LOWAT`` was added.
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On Windows, ``TCP_KEEPIDLE``, ``TCP_KEEPINTVL`` appear if run-time Windows
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supports.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.10
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``IP_RECVTOS`` was added.
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Added ``TCP_KEEPALIVE``. On MacOS this constant can be used in the same
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way that ``TCP_KEEPIDLE`` is used on Linux.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.11
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Added ``TCP_CONNECTION_INFO``. On MacOS this constant can be used in the
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same way that ``TCP_INFO`` is used on Linux and BSD.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.12
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Added ``SO_RTABLE`` and ``SO_USER_COOKIE``. On OpenBSD
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and FreeBSD respectively those constants can be used in the same way that
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``SO_MARK`` is used on Linux. Also added missing TCP socket options from
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Linux: ``TCP_MD5SIG``, ``TCP_THIN_LINEAR_TIMEOUTS``, ``TCP_THIN_DUPACK``,
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``TCP_REPAIR``, ``TCP_REPAIR_QUEUE``, ``TCP_QUEUE_SEQ``,
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``TCP_REPAIR_OPTIONS``, ``TCP_TIMESTAMP``, ``TCP_CC_INFO``,
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``TCP_SAVE_SYN``, ``TCP_SAVED_SYN``, ``TCP_REPAIR_WINDOW``,
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``TCP_FASTOPEN_CONNECT``, ``TCP_ULP``, ``TCP_MD5SIG_EXT``,
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``TCP_FASTOPEN_KEY``, ``TCP_FASTOPEN_NO_COOKIE``,
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``TCP_ZEROCOPY_RECEIVE``, ``TCP_INQ``, ``TCP_TX_DELAY``.
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Added ``IP_PKTINFO``, ``IP_UNBLOCK_SOURCE``, ``IP_BLOCK_SOURCE``,
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``IP_ADD_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP``, ``IP_DROP_SOURCE_MEMBERSHIP``.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.13
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Added ``SO_BINDTOIFINDEX``. On Linux this constant can be used in the
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same way that ``SO_BINDTODEVICE`` is used, but with the index of a
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network interface instead of its name.
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.. versionchanged:: 3.14
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Added missing ``IP_RECVERR``, ``IP_RECVTTL``, and ``IP_RECVORIGDSTADDR``
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on Linux.
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.. data:: AF_CAN
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PF_CAN
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SOL_CAN_*
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CAN_*
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Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are
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also defined in the socket module.
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.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.25, NetBSD >= 8.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.11
|
|
NetBSD support was added.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: CAN_BCM
|
|
CAN_BCM_*
|
|
|
|
CAN_BCM, in the CAN protocol family, is the broadcast manager (BCM) protocol.
|
|
Broadcast manager constants, documented in the Linux documentation, are also
|
|
defined in the socket module.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.25.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
The :data:`CAN_BCM_CAN_FD_FRAME` flag is only available on Linux >= 4.8.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
.. data:: CAN_RAW_FD_FRAMES
|
|
|
|
Enables CAN FD support in a CAN_RAW socket. This is disabled by default.
|
|
This allows your application to send both CAN and CAN FD frames; however,
|
|
you must accept both CAN and CAN FD frames when reading from the socket.
|
|
|
|
This constant is documented in the Linux documentation.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 3.6.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.5
|
|
|
|
.. data:: CAN_RAW_JOIN_FILTERS
|
|
|
|
Joins the applied CAN filters such that only CAN frames that match all
|
|
given CAN filters are passed to user space.
|
|
|
|
This constant is documented in the Linux documentation.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 4.1.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.9
|
|
|
|
.. data:: CAN_ISOTP
|
|
|
|
CAN_ISOTP, in the CAN protocol family, is the ISO-TP (ISO 15765-2) protocol.
|
|
ISO-TP constants, documented in the Linux documentation.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.25.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. data:: CAN_J1939
|
|
|
|
CAN_J1939, in the CAN protocol family, is the SAE J1939 protocol.
|
|
J1939 constants, documented in the Linux documentation.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 5.4.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_DIVERT
|
|
PF_DIVERT
|
|
|
|
These two constants, documented in the FreeBSD divert(4) manual page, are
|
|
also defined in the socket module.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: FreeBSD >= 14.0.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_PACKET
|
|
PF_PACKET
|
|
PACKET_*
|
|
|
|
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are
|
|
also defined in the socket module.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.2.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: ETH_P_ALL
|
|
|
|
:data:`!ETH_P_ALL` can be used in the :class:`~socket.socket`
|
|
constructor as *proto* for the :const:`AF_PACKET` family in order to
|
|
capture every packet, regardless of protocol.
|
|
|
|
For more information, see the :manpage:`packet(7)` manpage.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.12
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_RDS
|
|
PF_RDS
|
|
SOL_RDS
|
|
RDS_*
|
|
|
|
Many constants of these forms, documented in the Linux documentation, are
|
|
also defined in the socket module.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.30.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: SIO_RCVALL
|
|
SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS
|
|
SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH
|
|
RCVALL_*
|
|
|
|
Constants for Windows' WSAIoctl(). The constants are used as arguments to the
|
|
:meth:`~socket.socket.ioctl` method of socket objects.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
``SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH`` was added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: TIPC_*
|
|
|
|
TIPC related constants, matching the ones exported by the C socket API. See
|
|
the TIPC documentation for more information.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_ALG
|
|
SOL_ALG
|
|
ALG_*
|
|
|
|
Constants for Linux Kernel cryptography.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.38.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_VSOCK
|
|
IOCTL_VM_SOCKETS_GET_LOCAL_CID
|
|
VMADDR*
|
|
SO_VM*
|
|
|
|
Constants for Linux host/guest communication.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 4.8.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_LINK
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: BSD, macOS.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
.. data:: has_ipv6
|
|
|
|
This constant contains a boolean value which indicates if IPv6 is supported on
|
|
this platform.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: BDADDR_ANY
|
|
BDADDR_LOCAL
|
|
|
|
These are string constants containing Bluetooth addresses with special
|
|
meanings. For example, :const:`BDADDR_ANY` can be used to indicate
|
|
any address when specifying the binding socket with
|
|
:const:`BTPROTO_RFCOMM`.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: HCI_FILTER
|
|
HCI_TIME_STAMP
|
|
HCI_DATA_DIR
|
|
|
|
For use with :const:`BTPROTO_HCI`. :const:`HCI_FILTER` is not
|
|
available for NetBSD or DragonFlyBSD. :const:`HCI_TIME_STAMP` and
|
|
:const:`HCI_DATA_DIR` are not available for FreeBSD, NetBSD, or
|
|
DragonFlyBSD.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_QIPCRTR
|
|
|
|
Constant for Qualcomm's IPC router protocol, used to communicate with
|
|
service providing remote processors.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 4.7.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: SCM_CREDS2
|
|
LOCAL_CREDS
|
|
LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT
|
|
|
|
LOCAL_CREDS and LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT can be used
|
|
with SOCK_DGRAM, SOCK_STREAM sockets, equivalent to
|
|
Linux/DragonFlyBSD SO_PASSCRED, while LOCAL_CREDS
|
|
sends the credentials at first read, LOCAL_CREDS_PERSISTENT
|
|
sends for each read, SCM_CREDS2 must be then used for
|
|
the latter for the message type.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.11
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: FreeBSD.
|
|
|
|
.. data:: SO_INCOMING_CPU
|
|
|
|
Constant to optimize CPU locality, to be used in conjunction with
|
|
:data:`SO_REUSEPORT`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.11
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 3.9
|
|
|
|
.. data:: AF_HYPERV
|
|
HV_PROTOCOL_RAW
|
|
HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT
|
|
HVSOCKET_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MAX
|
|
HVSOCKET_CONNECTED_SUSPEND
|
|
HVSOCKET_ADDRESS_FLAG_PASSTHRU
|
|
HV_GUID_ZERO
|
|
HV_GUID_WILDCARD
|
|
HV_GUID_BROADCAST
|
|
HV_GUID_CHILDREN
|
|
HV_GUID_LOOPBACK
|
|
HV_GUID_PARENT
|
|
|
|
Constants for Windows Hyper-V sockets for host/guest communications.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.12
|
|
|
|
.. _socket-ethernet-types:
|
|
|
|
.. data:: ETHERTYPE_ARP
|
|
ETHERTYPE_IP
|
|
ETHERTYPE_IPV6
|
|
ETHERTYPE_VLAN
|
|
|
|
`IEEE 802.3 protocol number
|
|
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/ieee-802-numbers/ieee-802-numbers.txt>`_.
|
|
constants.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux, FreeBSD, macOS.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.12
|
|
|
|
.. data:: SHUT_RD
|
|
SHUT_WR
|
|
SHUT_RDWR
|
|
|
|
These constants are used by the :meth:`~socket.socket.shutdown` method of socket objects.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
Functions
|
|
^^^^^^^^^
|
|
|
|
Creating sockets
|
|
''''''''''''''''
|
|
|
|
The following functions all create :ref:`socket objects <socket-objects>`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. class:: socket(family=AF_INET, type=SOCK_STREAM, proto=0, fileno=None)
|
|
|
|
Create a new socket using the given address family, socket type and protocol
|
|
number. The address family should be :const:`AF_INET` (the default),
|
|
:const:`AF_INET6`, :const:`AF_UNIX`, :const:`AF_CAN`, :const:`AF_PACKET`,
|
|
or :const:`AF_RDS`. The socket type should be :const:`SOCK_STREAM` (the
|
|
default), :const:`SOCK_DGRAM`, :const:`SOCK_RAW` or perhaps one of the other
|
|
``SOCK_`` constants. The protocol number is usually zero and may be omitted
|
|
or in the case where the address family is :const:`AF_CAN` the protocol
|
|
should be one of :const:`CAN_RAW`, :const:`CAN_BCM`, :const:`CAN_ISOTP` or
|
|
:const:`CAN_J1939`.
|
|
|
|
If *fileno* is specified, the values for *family*, *type*, and *proto* are
|
|
auto-detected from the specified file descriptor. Auto-detection can be
|
|
overruled by calling the function with explicit *family*, *type*, or *proto*
|
|
arguments. This only affects how Python represents e.g. the return value
|
|
of :meth:`socket.getpeername` but not the actual OS resource. Unlike
|
|
:func:`socket.fromfd`, *fileno* will return the same socket and not a
|
|
duplicate. This may help close a detached socket using
|
|
:meth:`socket.close()`.
|
|
|
|
The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.__new__ self,family,type,protocol socket.socket
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
|
|
The AF_CAN family was added.
|
|
The AF_RDS family was added.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The CAN_BCM protocol was added.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The returned socket is now non-inheritable.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
The CAN_ISOTP protocol was added.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
When :const:`SOCK_NONBLOCK` or :const:`SOCK_CLOEXEC`
|
|
bit flags are applied to *type* they are cleared, and
|
|
:attr:`socket.type` will not reflect them. They are still passed
|
|
to the underlying system ``socket()`` call. Therefore,
|
|
|
|
::
|
|
|
|
sock = socket.socket(
|
|
socket.AF_INET,
|
|
socket.SOCK_STREAM | socket.SOCK_NONBLOCK)
|
|
|
|
will still create a non-blocking socket on OSes that support
|
|
``SOCK_NONBLOCK``, but ``sock.type`` will be set to
|
|
``socket.SOCK_STREAM``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.9
|
|
The CAN_J1939 protocol was added.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.10
|
|
The IPPROTO_MPTCP protocol was added.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: socketpair([family[, type[, proto]]])
|
|
|
|
Build a pair of connected socket objects using the given address family, socket
|
|
type, and protocol number. Address family, socket type, and protocol number are
|
|
as for the :func:`~socket.socket` function above. The default family is :const:`AF_UNIX`
|
|
if defined on the platform; otherwise, the default is :const:`AF_INET`.
|
|
|
|
The newly created sockets are :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
|
|
The returned socket objects now support the whole socket API, rather
|
|
than a subset.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The returned sockets are now non-inheritable.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
Windows support added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: create_connection(address, timeout=GLOBAL_DEFAULT, source_address=None, *, all_errors=False)
|
|
|
|
Connect to a TCP service listening on the internet *address* (a 2-tuple
|
|
``(host, port)``), and return the socket object. This is a higher-level
|
|
function than :meth:`socket.connect`: if *host* is a non-numeric hostname,
|
|
it will try to resolve it for both :data:`AF_INET` and :data:`AF_INET6`,
|
|
and then try to connect to all possible addresses in turn until a
|
|
connection succeeds. This makes it easy to write clients that are
|
|
compatible to both IPv4 and IPv6.
|
|
|
|
Passing the optional *timeout* parameter will set the timeout on the
|
|
socket instance before attempting to connect. If no *timeout* is
|
|
supplied, the global default timeout setting returned by
|
|
:func:`getdefaulttimeout` is used.
|
|
|
|
If supplied, *source_address* must be a 2-tuple ``(host, port)`` for the
|
|
socket to bind to as its source address before connecting. If host or port
|
|
are '' or 0 respectively the OS default behavior will be used.
|
|
|
|
When a connection cannot be created, an exception is raised. By default,
|
|
it is the exception from the last address in the list. If *all_errors*
|
|
is ``True``, it is an :exc:`ExceptionGroup` containing the errors of all
|
|
attempts.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
|
|
*source_address* was added.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.11
|
|
*all_errors* was added.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: create_server(address, *, family=AF_INET, backlog=None, reuse_port=False, dualstack_ipv6=False)
|
|
|
|
Convenience function which creates a TCP socket bound to *address* (a 2-tuple
|
|
``(host, port)``) and returns the socket object.
|
|
|
|
*family* should be either :data:`AF_INET` or :data:`AF_INET6`.
|
|
*backlog* is the queue size passed to :meth:`socket.listen`; if not specified
|
|
, a default reasonable value is chosen.
|
|
*reuse_port* dictates whether to set the :data:`SO_REUSEPORT` socket option.
|
|
|
|
If *dualstack_ipv6* is true and the platform supports it the socket will
|
|
be able to accept both IPv4 and IPv6 connections, else it will raise
|
|
:exc:`ValueError`. Most POSIX platforms and Windows are supposed to support
|
|
this functionality.
|
|
When this functionality is enabled the address returned by
|
|
:meth:`socket.getpeername` when an IPv4 connection occurs will be an IPv6
|
|
address represented as an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.
|
|
If *dualstack_ipv6* is false it will explicitly disable this functionality
|
|
on platforms that enable it by default (e.g. Linux).
|
|
This parameter can be used in conjunction with :func:`has_dualstack_ipv6`:
|
|
|
|
::
|
|
|
|
import socket
|
|
|
|
addr = ("", 8080) # all interfaces, port 8080
|
|
if socket.has_dualstack_ipv6():
|
|
s = socket.create_server(addr, family=socket.AF_INET6, dualstack_ipv6=True)
|
|
else:
|
|
s = socket.create_server(addr)
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
On POSIX platforms the :data:`SO_REUSEADDR` socket option is set in order to
|
|
immediately reuse previous sockets which were bound on the same *address*
|
|
and remained in TIME_WAIT state.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.8
|
|
|
|
.. function:: has_dualstack_ipv6()
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if the platform supports creating a TCP socket which can
|
|
handle both IPv4 and IPv6 connections.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.8
|
|
|
|
.. function:: fromfd(fd, family, type, proto=0)
|
|
|
|
Duplicate the file descriptor *fd* (an integer as returned by a file object's
|
|
:meth:`~io.IOBase.fileno` method) and build a socket object from the result. Address
|
|
family, socket type and protocol number are as for the :func:`~socket.socket` function
|
|
above. The file descriptor should refer to a socket, but this is not checked ---
|
|
subsequent operations on the object may fail if the file descriptor is invalid.
|
|
This function is rarely needed, but can be used to get or set socket options on
|
|
a socket passed to a program as standard input or output (such as a server
|
|
started by the Unix inet daemon). The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode.
|
|
|
|
The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The returned socket is now non-inheritable.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: fromshare(data)
|
|
|
|
Instantiate a socket from data obtained from the :meth:`socket.share`
|
|
method. The socket is assumed to be in blocking mode.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. data:: SocketType
|
|
|
|
This is a Python type object that represents the socket object type. It is the
|
|
same as ``type(socket(...))``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other functions
|
|
'''''''''''''''
|
|
|
|
The :mod:`socket` module also offers various network-related services:
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: close(fd)
|
|
|
|
Close a socket file descriptor. This is like :func:`os.close`, but for
|
|
sockets. On some platforms (most noticeable Windows) :func:`os.close`
|
|
does not work for socket file descriptors.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getaddrinfo(host, port, family=0, type=0, proto=0, flags=0)
|
|
|
|
Translate the *host*/*port* argument into a sequence of 5-tuples that contain
|
|
all the necessary arguments for creating a socket connected to that service.
|
|
*host* is a domain name, a string representation of an IPv4/v6 address
|
|
or ``None``. *port* is a string service name such as ``'http'``, a numeric
|
|
port number or ``None``. By passing ``None`` as the value of *host*
|
|
and *port*, you can pass ``NULL`` to the underlying C API.
|
|
|
|
The *family*, *type* and *proto* arguments can be optionally specified
|
|
in order to narrow the list of addresses returned. Passing zero as a
|
|
value for each of these arguments selects the full range of results.
|
|
The *flags* argument can be one or several of the ``AI_*`` constants,
|
|
and will influence how results are computed and returned.
|
|
For example, :const:`AI_NUMERICHOST` will disable domain name resolution
|
|
and will raise an error if *host* is a domain name.
|
|
|
|
The function returns a list of 5-tuples with the following structure:
|
|
|
|
``(family, type, proto, canonname, sockaddr)``
|
|
|
|
In these tuples, *family*, *type*, *proto* are all integers and are
|
|
meant to be passed to the :func:`~socket.socket` function. *canonname* will be
|
|
a string representing the canonical name of the *host* if
|
|
:const:`AI_CANONNAME` is part of the *flags* argument; else *canonname*
|
|
will be empty. *sockaddr* is a tuple describing a socket address, whose
|
|
format depends on the returned *family* (a ``(address, port)`` 2-tuple for
|
|
:const:`AF_INET`, a ``(address, port, flowinfo, scope_id)`` 4-tuple for
|
|
:const:`AF_INET6`), and is meant to be passed to the :meth:`socket.connect`
|
|
method.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.getaddrinfo host,port,family,type,protocol socket.getaddrinfo
|
|
|
|
The following example fetches address information for a hypothetical TCP
|
|
connection to ``example.org`` on port 80 (results may differ on your
|
|
system if IPv6 isn't enabled)::
|
|
|
|
>>> socket.getaddrinfo("example.org", 80, proto=socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
|
|
[(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
|
|
6, '', ('2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946', 80, 0, 0)),
|
|
(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM,
|
|
6, '', ('93.184.216.34', 80))]
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
|
|
parameters can now be passed using keyword arguments.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
for IPv6 multicast addresses, string representing an address will not
|
|
contain ``%scope_id`` part.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getfqdn([name])
|
|
|
|
Return a fully qualified domain name for *name*. If *name* is omitted or empty,
|
|
it is interpreted as the local host. To find the fully qualified name, the
|
|
hostname returned by :func:`gethostbyaddr` is checked, followed by aliases for the
|
|
host, if available. The first name which includes a period is selected. In
|
|
case no fully qualified domain name is available and *name* was provided,
|
|
it is returned unchanged. If *name* was empty or equal to ``'0.0.0.0'``,
|
|
the hostname from :func:`gethostname` is returned.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: gethostbyname(hostname)
|
|
|
|
Translate a host name to IPv4 address format. The IPv4 address is returned as a
|
|
string, such as ``'100.50.200.5'``. If the host name is an IPv4 address itself
|
|
it is returned unchanged. See :func:`gethostbyname_ex` for a more complete
|
|
interface. :func:`gethostbyname` does not support IPv6 name resolution, and
|
|
:func:`getaddrinfo` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.gethostbyname hostname socket.gethostbyname
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: gethostbyname_ex(hostname)
|
|
|
|
Translate a host name to IPv4 address format, extended interface. Return a
|
|
3-tuple ``(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)`` where *hostname* is the host's
|
|
primary host name, *aliaslist* is a (possibly
|
|
empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and *ipaddrlist* is
|
|
a list of IPv4 addresses for the same interface on the same host (often but not
|
|
always a single address). :func:`gethostbyname_ex` does not support IPv6 name
|
|
resolution, and :func:`getaddrinfo` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual
|
|
stack support.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.gethostbyname hostname socket.gethostbyname_ex
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: gethostname()
|
|
|
|
Return a string containing the hostname of the machine where the Python
|
|
interpreter is currently executing.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.gethostname "" socket.gethostname
|
|
|
|
Note: :func:`gethostname` doesn't always return the fully qualified domain
|
|
name; use :func:`getfqdn` for that.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: gethostbyaddr(ip_address)
|
|
|
|
Return a 3-tuple ``(hostname, aliaslist, ipaddrlist)`` where *hostname* is the
|
|
primary host name responding to the given *ip_address*, *aliaslist* is a
|
|
(possibly empty) list of alternative host names for the same address, and
|
|
*ipaddrlist* is a list of IPv4/v6 addresses for the same interface on the same
|
|
host (most likely containing only a single address). To find the fully qualified
|
|
domain name, use the function :func:`getfqdn`. :func:`gethostbyaddr` supports
|
|
both IPv4 and IPv6.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.gethostbyaddr ip_address socket.gethostbyaddr
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getnameinfo(sockaddr, flags)
|
|
|
|
Translate a socket address *sockaddr* into a 2-tuple ``(host, port)``. Depending
|
|
on the settings of *flags*, the result can contain a fully qualified domain name
|
|
or numeric address representation in *host*. Similarly, *port* can contain a
|
|
string port name or a numeric port number.
|
|
|
|
For IPv6 addresses, ``%scope_id`` is appended to the host part if *sockaddr*
|
|
contains meaningful *scope_id*. Usually this happens for multicast addresses.
|
|
|
|
For more information about *flags* you can consult :manpage:`getnameinfo(3)`.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.getnameinfo sockaddr socket.getnameinfo
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getprotobyname(protocolname)
|
|
|
|
Translate an internet protocol name (for example, ``'icmp'``) to a constant
|
|
suitable for passing as the (optional) third argument to the :func:`~socket.socket`
|
|
function. This is usually only needed for sockets opened in "raw" mode
|
|
(:const:`SOCK_RAW`); for the normal socket modes, the correct protocol is chosen
|
|
automatically if the protocol is omitted or zero.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getservbyname(servicename[, protocolname])
|
|
|
|
Translate an internet service name and protocol name to a port number for that
|
|
service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be ``'tcp'`` or
|
|
``'udp'``, otherwise any protocol will match.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.getservbyname servicename,protocolname socket.getservbyname
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getservbyport(port[, protocolname])
|
|
|
|
Translate an internet port number and protocol name to a service name for that
|
|
service. The optional protocol name, if given, should be ``'tcp'`` or
|
|
``'udp'``, otherwise any protocol will match.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.getservbyport port,protocolname socket.getservbyport
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: ntohl(x)
|
|
|
|
Convert 32-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines
|
|
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op;
|
|
otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: ntohs(x)
|
|
|
|
Convert 16-bit positive integers from network to host byte order. On machines
|
|
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op;
|
|
otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.10
|
|
Raises :exc:`OverflowError` if *x* does not fit in a 16-bit unsigned
|
|
integer.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: htonl(x)
|
|
|
|
Convert 32-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines
|
|
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op;
|
|
otherwise, it performs a 4-byte swap operation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: htons(x)
|
|
|
|
Convert 16-bit positive integers from host to network byte order. On machines
|
|
where the host byte order is the same as network byte order, this is a no-op;
|
|
otherwise, it performs a 2-byte swap operation.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.10
|
|
Raises :exc:`OverflowError` if *x* does not fit in a 16-bit unsigned
|
|
integer.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: inet_aton(ip_string)
|
|
|
|
Convert an IPv4 address from dotted-quad string format (for example,
|
|
'123.45.67.89') to 32-bit packed binary format, as a bytes object four characters in
|
|
length. This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the standard C
|
|
library and needs objects of type :c:struct:`in_addr`, which is the C type
|
|
for the 32-bit packed binary this function returns.
|
|
|
|
:func:`inet_aton` also accepts strings with less than three dots; see the
|
|
Unix manual page :manpage:`inet(3)` for details.
|
|
|
|
If the IPv4 address string passed to this function is invalid,
|
|
:exc:`OSError` will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on
|
|
the underlying C implementation of :c:func:`inet_aton`.
|
|
|
|
:func:`inet_aton` does not support IPv6, and :func:`inet_pton` should be used
|
|
instead for IPv4/v6 dual stack support.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: inet_ntoa(packed_ip)
|
|
|
|
Convert a 32-bit packed IPv4 address (a :term:`bytes-like object` four
|
|
bytes in length) to its standard dotted-quad string representation (for example,
|
|
'123.45.67.89'). This is useful when conversing with a program that uses the
|
|
standard C library and needs objects of type :c:struct:`in_addr`, which
|
|
is the C type for the 32-bit packed binary data this function takes as an
|
|
argument.
|
|
|
|
If the byte sequence passed to this function is not exactly 4 bytes in
|
|
length, :exc:`OSError` will be raised. :func:`inet_ntoa` does not
|
|
support IPv6, and :func:`inet_ntop` should be used instead for IPv4/v6 dual
|
|
stack support.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
Writable :term:`bytes-like object` is now accepted.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: inet_pton(address_family, ip_string)
|
|
|
|
Convert an IP address from its family-specific string format to a packed,
|
|
binary format. :func:`inet_pton` is useful when a library or network protocol
|
|
calls for an object of type :c:struct:`in_addr` (similar to
|
|
:func:`inet_aton`) or :c:struct:`in6_addr`.
|
|
|
|
Supported values for *address_family* are currently :const:`AF_INET` and
|
|
:const:`AF_INET6`. If the IP address string *ip_string* is invalid,
|
|
:exc:`OSError` will be raised. Note that exactly what is valid depends on
|
|
both the value of *address_family* and the underlying implementation of
|
|
:c:func:`inet_pton`.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
Windows support added
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: inet_ntop(address_family, packed_ip)
|
|
|
|
Convert a packed IP address (a :term:`bytes-like object` of some number of
|
|
bytes) to its standard, family-specific string representation (for
|
|
example, ``'7.10.0.5'`` or ``'5aef:2b::8'``).
|
|
:func:`inet_ntop` is useful when a library or network protocol returns an
|
|
object of type :c:struct:`in_addr` (similar to :func:`inet_ntoa`) or
|
|
:c:struct:`in6_addr`.
|
|
|
|
Supported values for *address_family* are currently :const:`AF_INET` and
|
|
:const:`AF_INET6`. If the bytes object *packed_ip* is not the correct
|
|
length for the specified address family, :exc:`ValueError` will be raised.
|
|
:exc:`OSError` is raised for errors from the call to :func:`inet_ntop`.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, Windows.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
Windows support added
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
Writable :term:`bytes-like object` is now accepted.
|
|
|
|
|
|
..
|
|
XXX: Are sendmsg(), recvmsg() and CMSG_*() available on any
|
|
non-Unix platforms? The old (obsolete?) 4.2BSD form of the
|
|
interface, in which struct msghdr has no msg_control or
|
|
msg_controllen members, is not currently supported.
|
|
|
|
.. function:: CMSG_LEN(length)
|
|
|
|
Return the total length, without trailing padding, of an ancillary
|
|
data item with associated data of the given *length*. This value
|
|
can often be used as the buffer size for :meth:`~socket.recvmsg` to
|
|
receive a single item of ancillary data, but :rfc:`3542` requires
|
|
portable applications to use :func:`CMSG_SPACE` and thus include
|
|
space for padding, even when the item will be the last in the
|
|
buffer. Raises :exc:`OverflowError` if *length* is outside the
|
|
permissible range of values.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
Most Unix platforms.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: CMSG_SPACE(length)
|
|
|
|
Return the buffer size needed for :meth:`~socket.recvmsg` to
|
|
receive an ancillary data item with associated data of the given
|
|
*length*, along with any trailing padding. The buffer space needed
|
|
to receive multiple items is the sum of the :func:`CMSG_SPACE`
|
|
values for their associated data lengths. Raises
|
|
:exc:`OverflowError` if *length* is outside the permissible range
|
|
of values.
|
|
|
|
Note that some systems might support ancillary data without
|
|
providing this function. Also note that setting the buffer size
|
|
using the results of this function may not precisely limit the
|
|
amount of ancillary data that can be received, since additional
|
|
data may be able to fit into the padding area.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
most Unix platforms.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: getdefaulttimeout()
|
|
|
|
Return the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. A value
|
|
of ``None`` indicates that new socket objects have no timeout. When the socket
|
|
module is first imported, the default is ``None``.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
|
|
|
|
Set the default timeout in seconds (float) for new socket objects. When
|
|
the socket module is first imported, the default is ``None``. See
|
|
:meth:`~socket.settimeout` for possible values and their respective
|
|
meanings.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: sethostname(name)
|
|
|
|
Set the machine's hostname to *name*. This will raise an
|
|
:exc:`OSError` if you don't have enough rights.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.sethostname name socket.sethostname
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: if_nameindex()
|
|
|
|
Return a list of network interface information
|
|
(index int, name string) tuples.
|
|
:exc:`OSError` if the system call fails.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, Windows, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
|
|
Windows support was added.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
On Windows network interfaces have different names in different contexts
|
|
(all names are examples):
|
|
|
|
* UUID: ``{FB605B73-AAC2-49A6-9A2F-25416AEA0573}``
|
|
* name: ``ethernet_32770``
|
|
* friendly name: ``vEthernet (nat)``
|
|
* description: ``Hyper-V Virtual Ethernet Adapter``
|
|
|
|
This function returns names of the second form from the list, ``ethernet_32770``
|
|
in this example case.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: if_nametoindex(if_name)
|
|
|
|
Return a network interface index number corresponding to an
|
|
interface name.
|
|
:exc:`OSError` if no interface with the given name exists.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, Windows, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
|
|
Windows support was added.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
"Interface name" is a name as documented in :func:`if_nameindex`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: if_indextoname(if_index)
|
|
|
|
Return a network interface name corresponding to an
|
|
interface index number.
|
|
:exc:`OSError` if no interface with the given index exists.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, Windows, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.8
|
|
Windows support was added.
|
|
|
|
.. seealso::
|
|
"Interface name" is a name as documented in :func:`if_nameindex`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: send_fds(sock, buffers, fds[, flags[, address]])
|
|
|
|
Send the list of file descriptors *fds* over an :const:`AF_UNIX` socket *sock*.
|
|
The *fds* parameter is a sequence of file descriptors.
|
|
Consult :meth:`~socket.sendmsg` for the documentation of these parameters.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, Windows, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
Unix platforms supporting :meth:`~socket.sendmsg`
|
|
and :const:`SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.9
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. function:: recv_fds(sock, bufsize, maxfds[, flags])
|
|
|
|
Receive up to *maxfds* file descriptors from an :const:`AF_UNIX` socket *sock*.
|
|
Return ``(msg, list(fds), flags, addr)``.
|
|
Consult :meth:`~socket.recvmsg` for the documentation of these parameters.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, Windows, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
Unix platforms supporting :meth:`~socket.sendmsg`
|
|
and :const:`SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.9
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
Any truncated integers at the end of the list of file descriptors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. _socket-objects:
|
|
|
|
Socket Objects
|
|
--------------
|
|
|
|
Socket objects have the following methods. Except for
|
|
:meth:`~socket.makefile`, these correspond to Unix system calls applicable
|
|
to sockets.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.2
|
|
Support for the :term:`context manager` protocol was added. Exiting the
|
|
context manager is equivalent to calling :meth:`~socket.close`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.accept()
|
|
|
|
Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address and listening for
|
|
connections. The return value is a pair ``(conn, address)`` where *conn* is a
|
|
*new* socket object usable to send and receive data on the connection, and
|
|
*address* is the address bound to the socket on the other end of the connection.
|
|
|
|
The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The socket is now non-inheritable.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.bind(address)
|
|
|
|
Bind the socket to *address*. The socket must not already be bound. (The format
|
|
of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.)
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.bind self,address socket.socket.bind
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.close()
|
|
|
|
Mark the socket closed. The underlying system resource (e.g. a file
|
|
descriptor) is also closed when all file objects from :meth:`makefile()`
|
|
are closed. Once that happens, all future operations on the socket
|
|
object will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after
|
|
queued data is flushed).
|
|
|
|
Sockets are automatically closed when they are garbage-collected, but
|
|
it is recommended to :meth:`close` them explicitly, or to use a
|
|
:keyword:`with` statement around them.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
:exc:`OSError` is now raised if an error occurs when the underlying
|
|
:c:func:`close` call is made.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
:meth:`close()` releases the resource associated with a connection but
|
|
does not necessarily close the connection immediately. If you want
|
|
to close the connection in a timely fashion, call :meth:`shutdown()`
|
|
before :meth:`close()`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.connect(address)
|
|
|
|
Connect to a remote socket at *address*. (The format of *address* depends on the
|
|
address family --- see above.)
|
|
|
|
If the connection is interrupted by a signal, the method waits until the
|
|
connection completes, or raise a :exc:`TimeoutError` on timeout, if the
|
|
signal handler doesn't raise an exception and the socket is blocking or has
|
|
a timeout. For non-blocking sockets, the method raises an
|
|
:exc:`InterruptedError` exception if the connection is interrupted by a
|
|
signal (or the exception raised by the signal handler).
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.connect self,address socket.socket.connect
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
The method now waits until the connection completes instead of raising an
|
|
:exc:`InterruptedError` exception if the connection is interrupted by a
|
|
signal, the signal handler doesn't raise an exception and the socket is
|
|
blocking or has a timeout (see the :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.connect_ex(address)
|
|
|
|
Like ``connect(address)``, but return an error indicator instead of raising an
|
|
exception for errors returned by the C-level :c:func:`connect` call (other
|
|
problems, such as "host not found," can still raise exceptions). The error
|
|
indicator is ``0`` if the operation succeeded, otherwise the value of the
|
|
:c:data:`errno` variable. This is useful to support, for example, asynchronous
|
|
connects.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.connect self,address socket.socket.connect_ex
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.detach()
|
|
|
|
Put the socket object into closed state without actually closing the
|
|
underlying file descriptor. The file descriptor is returned, and can
|
|
be reused for other purposes.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.2
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.dup()
|
|
|
|
Duplicate the socket.
|
|
|
|
The newly created socket is :ref:`non-inheritable <fd_inheritance>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.4
|
|
The socket is now non-inheritable.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.fileno()
|
|
|
|
Return the socket's file descriptor (a small integer), or -1 on failure. This
|
|
is useful with :func:`select.select`.
|
|
|
|
Under Windows the small integer returned by this method cannot be used where a
|
|
file descriptor can be used (such as :func:`os.fdopen`). Unix does not have
|
|
this limitation.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.get_inheritable()
|
|
|
|
Get the :ref:`inheritable flag <fd_inheritance>` of the socket's file
|
|
descriptor or socket's handle: ``True`` if the socket can be inherited in
|
|
child processes, ``False`` if it cannot.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.getpeername()
|
|
|
|
Return the remote address to which the socket is connected. This is useful to
|
|
find out the port number of a remote IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format
|
|
of the address returned depends on the address family --- see above.) On some
|
|
systems this function is not supported.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.getsockname()
|
|
|
|
Return the socket's own address. This is useful to find out the port number of
|
|
an IPv4/v6 socket, for instance. (The format of the address returned depends on
|
|
the address family --- see above.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.getsockopt(level, optname[, buflen])
|
|
|
|
Return the value of the given socket option (see the Unix man page
|
|
:manpage:`getsockopt(2)`). The needed symbolic constants (:ref:`SO_\* etc. <socket-unix-constants>`)
|
|
are defined in this module. If *buflen* is absent, an integer option is assumed
|
|
and its integer value is returned by the function. If *buflen* is present, it
|
|
specifies the maximum length of the buffer used to receive the option in, and
|
|
this buffer is returned as a bytes object. It is up to the caller to decode the
|
|
contents of the buffer (see the optional built-in module :mod:`struct` for a way
|
|
to decode C structures encoded as byte strings).
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.getblocking()
|
|
|
|
Return ``True`` if socket is in blocking mode, ``False`` if in
|
|
non-blocking.
|
|
|
|
This is equivalent to checking ``socket.gettimeout() != 0``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.gettimeout()
|
|
|
|
Return the timeout in seconds (float) associated with socket operations,
|
|
or ``None`` if no timeout is set. This reflects the last call to
|
|
:meth:`setblocking` or :meth:`settimeout`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.ioctl(control, option)
|
|
|
|
:platform: Windows
|
|
|
|
The :meth:`ioctl` method is a limited interface to the WSAIoctl system
|
|
interface. Please refer to the `Win32 documentation
|
|
<https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms741621%28VS.85%29.aspx>`_ for more
|
|
information.
|
|
|
|
On other platforms, the generic :func:`fcntl.fcntl` and :func:`fcntl.ioctl`
|
|
functions may be used; they accept a socket object as their first argument.
|
|
|
|
Currently only the following control codes are supported:
|
|
``SIO_RCVALL``, ``SIO_KEEPALIVE_VALS``, and ``SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
``SIO_LOOPBACK_FAST_PATH`` was added.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.listen([backlog])
|
|
|
|
Enable a server to accept connections. If *backlog* is specified, it must
|
|
be at least 0 (if it is lower, it is set to 0); it specifies the number of
|
|
unaccepted connections that the system will allow before refusing new
|
|
connections. If not specified, a default reasonable value is chosen.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
The *backlog* parameter is now optional.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.makefile(mode='r', buffering=None, *, encoding=None, \
|
|
errors=None, newline=None)
|
|
|
|
.. index:: single: I/O control; buffering
|
|
|
|
Return a :term:`file object` associated with the socket. The exact returned
|
|
type depends on the arguments given to :meth:`makefile`. These arguments are
|
|
interpreted the same way as by the built-in :func:`open` function, except
|
|
the only supported *mode* values are ``'r'`` (default), ``'w'``, ``'b'``, or
|
|
a combination of those.
|
|
|
|
The socket must be in blocking mode; it can have a timeout, but the file
|
|
object's internal buffer may end up in an inconsistent state if a timeout
|
|
occurs.
|
|
|
|
Closing the file object returned by :meth:`makefile` won't close the
|
|
original socket unless all other file objects have been closed and
|
|
:meth:`socket.close` has been called on the socket object.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
On Windows, the file-like object created by :meth:`makefile` cannot be
|
|
used where a file object with a file descriptor is expected, such as the
|
|
stream arguments of :meth:`subprocess.Popen`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.recv(bufsize[, flags])
|
|
|
|
Receive data from the socket. The return value is a bytes object representing the
|
|
data received. The maximum amount of data to be received at once is specified
|
|
by *bufsize*. A returned empty bytes object indicates that the client has disconnected.
|
|
See the Unix manual page :manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning of the optional argument
|
|
*flags*; it defaults to zero.
|
|
|
|
.. note::
|
|
|
|
For best match with hardware and network realities, the value of *bufsize*
|
|
should be a relatively small power of 2, for example, 4096.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.recvfrom(bufsize[, flags])
|
|
|
|
Receive data from the socket. The return value is a pair ``(bytes, address)``
|
|
where *bytes* is a bytes object representing the data received and *address* is the
|
|
address of the socket sending the data. See the Unix manual page
|
|
:manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning of the optional argument *flags*; it defaults
|
|
to zero. (The format of *address* depends on the address family --- see above.)
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
For multicast IPv6 address, first item of *address* does not contain
|
|
``%scope_id`` part anymore. In order to get full IPv6 address use
|
|
:func:`getnameinfo`.
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.recvmsg(bufsize[, ancbufsize[, flags]])
|
|
|
|
Receive normal data (up to *bufsize* bytes) and ancillary data from
|
|
the socket. The *ancbufsize* argument sets the size in bytes of
|
|
the internal buffer used to receive the ancillary data; it defaults
|
|
to 0, meaning that no ancillary data will be received. Appropriate
|
|
buffer sizes for ancillary data can be calculated using
|
|
:func:`CMSG_SPACE` or :func:`CMSG_LEN`, and items which do not fit
|
|
into the buffer might be truncated or discarded. The *flags*
|
|
argument defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for
|
|
:meth:`recv`.
|
|
|
|
The return value is a 4-tuple: ``(data, ancdata, msg_flags,
|
|
address)``. The *data* item is a :class:`bytes` object holding the
|
|
non-ancillary data received. The *ancdata* item is a list of zero
|
|
or more tuples ``(cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data)`` representing
|
|
the ancillary data (control messages) received: *cmsg_level* and
|
|
*cmsg_type* are integers specifying the protocol level and
|
|
protocol-specific type respectively, and *cmsg_data* is a
|
|
:class:`bytes` object holding the associated data. The *msg_flags*
|
|
item is the bitwise OR of various flags indicating conditions on
|
|
the received message; see your system documentation for details.
|
|
If the receiving socket is unconnected, *address* is the address of
|
|
the sending socket, if available; otherwise, its value is
|
|
unspecified.
|
|
|
|
On some systems, :meth:`sendmsg` and :meth:`recvmsg` can be used to
|
|
pass file descriptors between processes over an :const:`AF_UNIX`
|
|
socket. When this facility is used (it is often restricted to
|
|
:const:`SOCK_STREAM` sockets), :meth:`recvmsg` will return, in its
|
|
ancillary data, items of the form ``(socket.SOL_SOCKET,
|
|
socket.SCM_RIGHTS, fds)``, where *fds* is a :class:`bytes` object
|
|
representing the new file descriptors as a binary array of the
|
|
native C :c:expr:`int` type. If :meth:`recvmsg` raises an
|
|
exception after the system call returns, it will first attempt to
|
|
close any file descriptors received via this mechanism.
|
|
|
|
Some systems do not indicate the truncated length of ancillary data
|
|
items which have been only partially received. If an item appears
|
|
to extend beyond the end of the buffer, :meth:`recvmsg` will issue
|
|
a :exc:`RuntimeWarning`, and will return the part of it which is
|
|
inside the buffer provided it has not been truncated before the
|
|
start of its associated data.
|
|
|
|
On systems which support the :const:`SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism, the
|
|
following function will receive up to *maxfds* file descriptors,
|
|
returning the message data and a list containing the descriptors
|
|
(while ignoring unexpected conditions such as unrelated control
|
|
messages being received). See also :meth:`sendmsg`. ::
|
|
|
|
import socket, array
|
|
|
|
def recv_fds(sock, msglen, maxfds):
|
|
fds = array.array("i") # Array of ints
|
|
msg, ancdata, flags, addr = sock.recvmsg(msglen, socket.CMSG_LEN(maxfds * fds.itemsize))
|
|
for cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data in ancdata:
|
|
if cmsg_level == socket.SOL_SOCKET and cmsg_type == socket.SCM_RIGHTS:
|
|
# Append data, ignoring any truncated integers at the end.
|
|
fds.frombytes(cmsg_data[:len(cmsg_data) - (len(cmsg_data) % fds.itemsize)])
|
|
return msg, list(fds)
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix.
|
|
|
|
Most Unix platforms.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.recvmsg_into(buffers[, ancbufsize[, flags]])
|
|
|
|
Receive normal data and ancillary data from the socket, behaving as
|
|
:meth:`recvmsg` would, but scatter the non-ancillary data into a
|
|
series of buffers instead of returning a new bytes object. The
|
|
*buffers* argument must be an iterable of objects that export
|
|
writable buffers (e.g. :class:`bytearray` objects); these will be
|
|
filled with successive chunks of the non-ancillary data until it
|
|
has all been written or there are no more buffers. The operating
|
|
system may set a limit (:func:`~os.sysconf` value ``SC_IOV_MAX``)
|
|
on the number of buffers that can be used. The *ancbufsize* and
|
|
*flags* arguments have the same meaning as for :meth:`recvmsg`.
|
|
|
|
The return value is a 4-tuple: ``(nbytes, ancdata, msg_flags,
|
|
address)``, where *nbytes* is the total number of bytes of
|
|
non-ancillary data written into the buffers, and *ancdata*,
|
|
*msg_flags* and *address* are the same as for :meth:`recvmsg`.
|
|
|
|
Example::
|
|
|
|
>>> import socket
|
|
>>> s1, s2 = socket.socketpair()
|
|
>>> b1 = bytearray(b'----')
|
|
>>> b2 = bytearray(b'0123456789')
|
|
>>> b3 = bytearray(b'--------------')
|
|
>>> s1.send(b'Mary had a little lamb')
|
|
22
|
|
>>> s2.recvmsg_into([b1, memoryview(b2)[2:9], b3])
|
|
(22, [], 0, None)
|
|
>>> [b1, b2, b3]
|
|
[bytearray(b'Mary'), bytearray(b'01 had a 9'), bytearray(b'little lamb---')]
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix.
|
|
|
|
Most Unix platforms.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.recvfrom_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])
|
|
|
|
Receive data from the socket, writing it into *buffer* instead of creating a
|
|
new bytestring. The return value is a pair ``(nbytes, address)`` where *nbytes* is
|
|
the number of bytes received and *address* is the address of the socket sending
|
|
the data. See the Unix manual page :manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning of the
|
|
optional argument *flags*; it defaults to zero. (The format of *address*
|
|
depends on the address family --- see above.)
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.recv_into(buffer[, nbytes[, flags]])
|
|
|
|
Receive up to *nbytes* bytes from the socket, storing the data into a buffer
|
|
rather than creating a new bytestring. If *nbytes* is not specified (or 0),
|
|
receive up to the size available in the given buffer. Returns the number of
|
|
bytes received. See the Unix manual page :manpage:`recv(2)` for the meaning
|
|
of the optional argument *flags*; it defaults to zero.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.send(bytes[, flags])
|
|
|
|
Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The
|
|
optional *flags* argument has the same meaning as for :meth:`recv` above.
|
|
Returns the number of bytes sent. Applications are responsible for checking that
|
|
all data has been sent; if only some of the data was transmitted, the
|
|
application needs to attempt delivery of the remaining data. For further
|
|
information on this topic, consult the :ref:`socket-howto`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.sendall(bytes[, flags])
|
|
|
|
Send data to the socket. The socket must be connected to a remote socket. The
|
|
optional *flags* argument has the same meaning as for :meth:`recv` above.
|
|
Unlike :meth:`send`, this method continues to send data from *bytes* until
|
|
either all data has been sent or an error occurs. ``None`` is returned on
|
|
success. On error, an exception is raised, and there is no way to determine how
|
|
much data, if any, was successfully sent.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
The socket timeout is no longer reset each time data is sent successfully.
|
|
The socket timeout is now the maximum total duration to send all data.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.sendto(bytes, address)
|
|
socket.sendto(bytes, flags, address)
|
|
|
|
Send data to the socket. The socket should not be connected to a remote socket,
|
|
since the destination socket is specified by *address*. The optional *flags*
|
|
argument has the same meaning as for :meth:`recv` above. Return the number of
|
|
bytes sent. (The format of *address* depends on the address family --- see
|
|
above.)
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.sendto self,address socket.socket.sendto
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.sendmsg(buffers[, ancdata[, flags[, address]]])
|
|
|
|
Send normal and ancillary data to the socket, gathering the
|
|
non-ancillary data from a series of buffers and concatenating it
|
|
into a single message. The *buffers* argument specifies the
|
|
non-ancillary data as an iterable of
|
|
:term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>`
|
|
(e.g. :class:`bytes` objects); the operating system may set a limit
|
|
(:func:`~os.sysconf` value ``SC_IOV_MAX``) on the number of buffers
|
|
that can be used. The *ancdata* argument specifies the ancillary
|
|
data (control messages) as an iterable of zero or more tuples
|
|
``(cmsg_level, cmsg_type, cmsg_data)``, where *cmsg_level* and
|
|
*cmsg_type* are integers specifying the protocol level and
|
|
protocol-specific type respectively, and *cmsg_data* is a
|
|
bytes-like object holding the associated data. Note that
|
|
some systems (in particular, systems without :func:`CMSG_SPACE`)
|
|
might support sending only one control message per call. The
|
|
*flags* argument defaults to 0 and has the same meaning as for
|
|
:meth:`send`. If *address* is supplied and not ``None``, it sets a
|
|
destination address for the message. The return value is the
|
|
number of bytes of non-ancillary data sent.
|
|
|
|
The following function sends the list of file descriptors *fds*
|
|
over an :const:`AF_UNIX` socket, on systems which support the
|
|
:const:`SCM_RIGHTS` mechanism. See also :meth:`recvmsg`. ::
|
|
|
|
import socket, array
|
|
|
|
def send_fds(sock, msg, fds):
|
|
return sock.sendmsg([msg], [(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SCM_RIGHTS, array.array("i", fds))])
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Unix, not WASI.
|
|
|
|
Most Unix platforms.
|
|
|
|
.. audit-event:: socket.sendmsg self,address socket.socket.sendmsg
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.3
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
If the system call is interrupted and the signal handler does not raise
|
|
an exception, the method now retries the system call instead of raising
|
|
an :exc:`InterruptedError` exception (see :pep:`475` for the rationale).
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.sendmsg_afalg([msg], *, op[, iv[, assoclen[, flags]]])
|
|
|
|
Specialized version of :meth:`~socket.sendmsg` for :const:`AF_ALG` socket.
|
|
Set mode, IV, AEAD associated data length and flags for :const:`AF_ALG` socket.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: Linux >= 2.6.38.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.6
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.sendfile(file, offset=0, count=None)
|
|
|
|
Send a file until EOF is reached by using high-performance
|
|
:mod:`os.sendfile` and return the total number of bytes which were sent.
|
|
*file* must be a regular file object opened in binary mode. If
|
|
:mod:`os.sendfile` is not available (e.g. Windows) or *file* is not a
|
|
regular file :meth:`send` will be used instead. *offset* tells from where to
|
|
start reading the file. If specified, *count* is the total number of bytes
|
|
to transmit as opposed to sending the file until EOF is reached. File
|
|
position is updated on return or also in case of error in which case
|
|
:meth:`file.tell() <io.IOBase.tell>` can be used to figure out the number of
|
|
bytes which were sent. The socket must be of :const:`SOCK_STREAM` type.
|
|
Non-blocking sockets are not supported.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.5
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.set_inheritable(inheritable)
|
|
|
|
Set the :ref:`inheritable flag <fd_inheritance>` of the socket's file
|
|
descriptor or socket's handle.
|
|
|
|
.. versionadded:: 3.4
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.setblocking(flag)
|
|
|
|
Set blocking or non-blocking mode of the socket: if *flag* is false, the
|
|
socket is set to non-blocking, else to blocking mode.
|
|
|
|
This method is a shorthand for certain :meth:`~socket.settimeout` calls:
|
|
|
|
* ``sock.setblocking(True)`` is equivalent to ``sock.settimeout(None)``
|
|
|
|
* ``sock.setblocking(False)`` is equivalent to ``sock.settimeout(0.0)``
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
The method no longer applies :const:`SOCK_NONBLOCK` flag on
|
|
:attr:`socket.type`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.settimeout(value)
|
|
|
|
Set a timeout on blocking socket operations. The *value* argument can be a
|
|
nonnegative floating-point number expressing seconds, or ``None``.
|
|
If a non-zero value is given, subsequent socket operations will raise a
|
|
:exc:`timeout` exception if the timeout period *value* has elapsed before
|
|
the operation has completed. If zero is given, the socket is put in
|
|
non-blocking mode. If ``None`` is given, the socket is put in blocking mode.
|
|
|
|
For further information, please consult the :ref:`notes on socket timeouts <socket-timeouts>`.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
|
|
The method no longer toggles :const:`SOCK_NONBLOCK` flag on
|
|
:attr:`socket.type`.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.setsockopt(level, optname, value: int)
|
|
.. method:: socket.setsockopt(level, optname, value: buffer)
|
|
:noindex:
|
|
.. method:: socket.setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen: int)
|
|
:noindex:
|
|
|
|
.. index:: pair: module; struct
|
|
|
|
Set the value of the given socket option (see the Unix manual page
|
|
:manpage:`setsockopt(2)`). The needed symbolic constants are defined in this
|
|
module (:ref:`!SO_\* etc. <socket-unix-constants>`). The value can be an integer,
|
|
``None`` or a :term:`bytes-like object` representing a buffer. In the later
|
|
case it is up to the caller to ensure that the bytestring contains the
|
|
proper bits (see the optional built-in module :mod:`struct` for a way to
|
|
encode C structures as bytestrings). When *value* is set to ``None``,
|
|
*optlen* argument is required. It's equivalent to call :c:func:`setsockopt` C
|
|
function with ``optval=NULL`` and ``optlen=optlen``.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.5
|
|
Writable :term:`bytes-like object` is now accepted.
|
|
|
|
.. versionchanged:: 3.6
|
|
setsockopt(level, optname, None, optlen: int) form added.
|
|
|
|
.. availability:: not WASI.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.. method:: socket.shutdown(how)
|
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Shut down one or both halves of the connection. If *how* is :const:`SHUT_RD`,
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further receives are disallowed. If *how* is :const:`SHUT_WR`, further sends
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are disallowed. If *how* is :const:`SHUT_RDWR`, further sends and receives are
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disallowed.
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.. availability:: not WASI.
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.. method:: socket.share(process_id)
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Duplicate a socket and prepare it for sharing with a target process. The
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target process must be provided with *process_id*. The resulting bytes object
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can then be passed to the target process using some form of interprocess
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communication and the socket can be recreated there using :func:`fromshare`.
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Once this method has been called, it is safe to close the socket since
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the operating system has already duplicated it for the target process.
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.. availability:: Windows.
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.. versionadded:: 3.3
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Note that there are no methods :meth:`read` or :meth:`write`; use
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:meth:`~socket.recv` and :meth:`~socket.send` without *flags* argument instead.
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Socket objects also have these (read-only) attributes that correspond to the
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values given to the :class:`~socket.socket` constructor.
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.. attribute:: socket.family
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The socket family.
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.. attribute:: socket.type
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The socket type.
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.. attribute:: socket.proto
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The socket protocol.
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.. _socket-timeouts:
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Notes on socket timeouts
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------------------------
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A socket object can be in one of three modes: blocking, non-blocking, or
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timeout. Sockets are by default always created in blocking mode, but this
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can be changed by calling :func:`setdefaulttimeout`.
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* In *blocking mode*, operations block until complete or the system returns
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an error (such as connection timed out).
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* In *non-blocking mode*, operations fail (with an error that is unfortunately
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system-dependent) if they cannot be completed immediately: functions from the
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:mod:`select` module can be used to know when and whether a socket is available
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for reading or writing.
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* In *timeout mode*, operations fail if they cannot be completed within the
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timeout specified for the socket (they raise a :exc:`timeout` exception)
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or if the system returns an error.
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.. note::
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At the operating system level, sockets in *timeout mode* are internally set
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in non-blocking mode. Also, the blocking and timeout modes are shared between
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file descriptors and socket objects that refer to the same network endpoint.
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This implementation detail can have visible consequences if e.g. you decide
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to use the :meth:`~socket.fileno()` of a socket.
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Timeouts and the ``connect`` method
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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The :meth:`~socket.connect` operation is also subject to the timeout
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setting, and in general it is recommended to call :meth:`~socket.settimeout`
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before calling :meth:`~socket.connect` or pass a timeout parameter to
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:meth:`create_connection`. However, the system network stack may also
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return a connection timeout error of its own regardless of any Python socket
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timeout setting.
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Timeouts and the ``accept`` method
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^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
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If :func:`getdefaulttimeout` is not :const:`None`, sockets returned by
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the :meth:`~socket.accept` method inherit that timeout. Otherwise, the
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behaviour depends on settings of the listening socket:
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* if the listening socket is in *blocking mode* or in *timeout mode*,
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the socket returned by :meth:`~socket.accept` is in *blocking mode*;
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* if the listening socket is in *non-blocking mode*, whether the socket
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returned by :meth:`~socket.accept` is in blocking or non-blocking mode
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is operating system-dependent. If you want to ensure cross-platform
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behaviour, it is recommended you manually override this setting.
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.. _socket-example:
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Example
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-------
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Here are four minimal example programs using the TCP/IP protocol: a server that
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echoes all data that it receives back (servicing only one client), and a client
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using it. Note that a server must perform the sequence :func:`~socket.socket`,
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:meth:`~socket.bind`, :meth:`~socket.listen`, :meth:`~socket.accept` (possibly
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repeating the :meth:`~socket.accept` to service more than one client), while a
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client only needs the sequence :func:`~socket.socket`, :meth:`~socket.connect`. Also
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note that the server does not :meth:`~socket.sendall`/:meth:`~socket.recv` on
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the socket it is listening on but on the new socket returned by
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:meth:`~socket.accept`.
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The first two examples support IPv4 only. ::
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# Echo server program
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import socket
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HOST = '' # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
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PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
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with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
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s.bind((HOST, PORT))
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s.listen(1)
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conn, addr = s.accept()
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with conn:
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print('Connected by', addr)
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while True:
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data = conn.recv(1024)
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if not data: break
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conn.sendall(data)
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::
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# Echo client program
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import socket
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HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
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PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
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with socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) as s:
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s.connect((HOST, PORT))
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s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
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data = s.recv(1024)
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print('Received', repr(data))
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The next two examples are identical to the above two, but support both IPv4 and
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IPv6. The server side will listen to the first address family available (it
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should listen to both instead). On most of IPv6-ready systems, IPv6 will take
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precedence and the server may not accept IPv4 traffic. The client side will try
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to connect to all the addresses returned as a result of the name resolution, and
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sends traffic to the first one connected successfully. ::
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# Echo server program
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import socket
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import sys
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HOST = None # Symbolic name meaning all available interfaces
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PORT = 50007 # Arbitrary non-privileged port
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s = None
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for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC,
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socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
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af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
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try:
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s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
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except OSError as msg:
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s = None
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continue
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try:
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s.bind(sa)
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s.listen(1)
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except OSError as msg:
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s.close()
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s = None
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continue
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break
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if s is None:
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print('could not open socket')
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sys.exit(1)
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conn, addr = s.accept()
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with conn:
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print('Connected by', addr)
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while True:
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data = conn.recv(1024)
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if not data: break
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conn.send(data)
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::
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# Echo client program
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import socket
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import sys
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HOST = 'daring.cwi.nl' # The remote host
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PORT = 50007 # The same port as used by the server
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s = None
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for res in socket.getaddrinfo(HOST, PORT, socket.AF_UNSPEC, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
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af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
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try:
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s = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
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except OSError as msg:
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s = None
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continue
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try:
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s.connect(sa)
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except OSError as msg:
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s.close()
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s = None
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continue
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break
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if s is None:
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print('could not open socket')
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sys.exit(1)
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with s:
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s.sendall(b'Hello, world')
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data = s.recv(1024)
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print('Received', repr(data))
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The next example shows how to write a very simple network sniffer with raw
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sockets on Windows. The example requires administrator privileges to modify
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the interface::
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import socket
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# the public network interface
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HOST = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
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# create a raw socket and bind it to the public interface
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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.IPPROTO_IP)
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s.bind((HOST, 0))
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# Include IP headers
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s.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IP, socket.IP_HDRINCL, 1)
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# receive all packets
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s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_ON)
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|
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# receive a packet
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print(s.recvfrom(65565))
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# disabled promiscuous mode
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s.ioctl(socket.SIO_RCVALL, socket.RCVALL_OFF)
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The next example shows how to use the socket interface to communicate to a CAN
|
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network using the raw socket protocol. To use CAN with the broadcast
|
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manager protocol instead, open a socket with::
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socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_DGRAM, socket.CAN_BCM)
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After binding (:const:`CAN_RAW`) or connecting (:const:`CAN_BCM`) the socket, you
|
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can use the :meth:`socket.send` and :meth:`socket.recv` operations (and
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their counterparts) on the socket object as usual.
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This last example might require special privileges::
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import socket
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import struct
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# CAN frame packing/unpacking (see 'struct can_frame' in <linux/can.h>)
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can_frame_fmt = "=IB3x8s"
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can_frame_size = struct.calcsize(can_frame_fmt)
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|
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def build_can_frame(can_id, data):
|
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can_dlc = len(data)
|
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data = data.ljust(8, b'\x00')
|
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return struct.pack(can_frame_fmt, can_id, can_dlc, data)
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|
|
def dissect_can_frame(frame):
|
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can_id, can_dlc, data = struct.unpack(can_frame_fmt, frame)
|
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return (can_id, can_dlc, data[:can_dlc])
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# create a raw socket and bind it to the 'vcan0' interface
|
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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_CAN, socket.SOCK_RAW, socket.CAN_RAW)
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s.bind(('vcan0',))
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while True:
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cf, addr = s.recvfrom(can_frame_size)
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print('Received: can_id=%x, can_dlc=%x, data=%s' % dissect_can_frame(cf))
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try:
|
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s.send(cf)
|
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except OSError:
|
|
print('Error sending CAN frame')
|
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|
|
try:
|
|
s.send(build_can_frame(0x01, b'\x01\x02\x03'))
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except OSError:
|
|
print('Error sending CAN frame')
|
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|
|
Running an example several times with too small delay between executions, could
|
|
lead to this error::
|
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|
|
OSError: [Errno 98] Address already in use
|
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|
|
This is because the previous execution has left the socket in a ``TIME_WAIT``
|
|
state, and can't be immediately reused.
|
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|
|
There is a :mod:`socket` flag to set, in order to prevent this,
|
|
:const:`socket.SO_REUSEADDR`::
|
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|
|
s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
|
|
s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
|
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s.bind((HOST, PORT))
|
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|
|
the :data:`SO_REUSEADDR` flag tells the kernel to reuse a local socket in
|
|
``TIME_WAIT`` state, without waiting for its natural timeout to expire.
|
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|
|
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.. seealso::
|
|
|
|
For an introduction to socket programming (in C), see the following papers:
|
|
|
|
- *An Introductory 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial*, by Stuart Sechrest
|
|
|
|
- *An Advanced 4.3BSD Interprocess Communication Tutorial*, by Samuel J. Leffler et
|
|
al,
|
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|
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both in the UNIX Programmer's Manual, Supplementary Documents 1 (sections
|
|
PS1:7 and PS1:8). The platform-specific reference material for the various
|
|
socket-related system calls are also a valuable source of information on the
|
|
details of socket semantics. For Unix, refer to the manual pages; for Windows,
|
|
see the WinSock (or Winsock 2) specification. For IPv6-ready APIs, readers may
|
|
want to refer to :rfc:`3493` titled Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6.
|