:mod:`importlib` -- An implementation of :keyword:`import` ========================================================== .. module:: importlib :synopsis: An implementation of the import machinery. .. moduleauthor:: Brett Cannon .. sectionauthor:: Brett Cannon .. versionadded:: 3.1 Introduction ------------ The purpose of the :mod:`importlib` package is two-fold. One is to provide an implementation of the :keyword:`import` statement (and thus, by extension, the :func:`__import__` function) in Python source code. This provides an implementation of :keyword:`import` which is portable to any Python interpreter. This also provides a reference implementation which is easier to comprehend than one implemented in a programming language other than Python. Two, the components to implement :keyword:`import` are exposed in this package, making it easier for users to create their own custom objects (known generically as an :term:`importer`) to participate in the import process. Details on custom importers can be found in :pep:`302`. .. seealso:: :ref:`import` The language reference for the :keyword:`import` statement. `Packages specification `__ Original specification of packages. Some semantics have changed since the writing of this document (e.g. redirecting based on ``None`` in :data:`sys.modules`). The :func:`.__import__` function The :keyword:`import` statement is syntactic sugar for this function. :pep:`235` Import on Case-Insensitive Platforms :pep:`263` Defining Python Source Code Encodings :pep:`302` New Import Hooks :pep:`328` Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative :pep:`366` Main module explicit relative imports :pep:`3120` Using UTF-8 as the Default Source Encoding :pep:`3147` PYC Repository Directories Functions --------- .. function:: __import__(name, globals={}, locals={}, fromlist=list(), level=0) An implementation of the built-in :func:`__import__` function. .. function:: import_module(name, package=None) Import a module. The *name* argument specifies what module to import in absolute or relative terms (e.g. either ``pkg.mod`` or ``..mod``). If the name is specified in relative terms, then the *package* argument must be set to the name of the package which is to act as the anchor for resolving the package name (e.g. ``import_module('..mod', 'pkg.subpkg')`` will import ``pkg.mod``). The :func:`import_module` function acts as a simplifying wrapper around :func:`importlib.__import__`. This means all semantics of the function are derived from :func:`importlib.__import__`, including requiring the package from which an import is occurring to have been previously imported (i.e., *package* must already be imported). The most important difference is that :func:`import_module` returns the most nested package or module that was imported (e.g. ``pkg.mod``), while :func:`__import__` returns the top-level package or module (e.g. ``pkg``). .. function:: find_loader(name, path=None) Find the loader for a module, optionally within the specified *path*. If the module is in :attr:`sys.modules`, then ``sys.modules[name].__loader__`` is returned (unless the loader would be ``None``, in which case :exc:`ValueError` is raised). Otherwise a search using :attr:`sys.meta_path` is done. ``None`` is returned if no loader is found. A dotted name does not have its parent's implicitly imported. If that is desired (although not nessarily required to find the loader, it will most likely be needed if the loader actually is used to load the module), then you will have to import the packages containing the module prior to calling this function. .. function:: invalidate_caches() Invalidate the internal caches of the finders stored at :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`. If a finder implements :meth:`abc.Finder.invalidate_caches()` then it will be called to perform the invalidation. This function may be needed if some modules are installed while your program is running and you expect the program to notice the changes. .. versionadded:: 3.3 :mod:`importlib.abc` -- Abstract base classes related to import --------------------------------------------------------------- .. module:: importlib.abc :synopsis: Abstract base classes related to import The :mod:`importlib.abc` module contains all of the core abstract base classes used by :keyword:`import`. Some subclasses of the core abstract base classes are also provided to help in implementing the core ABCs. .. class:: Finder An abstract base class representing a :term:`finder`. See :pep:`302` for the exact definition for a finder. .. method:: find_module(fullname, path=None) An abstract method for finding a :term:`loader` for the specified module. If the :term:`finder` is found on :data:`sys.meta_path` and the module to be searched for is a subpackage or module then *path* will be the value of :attr:`__path__` from the parent package. If a loader cannot be found, ``None`` is returned. .. method:: invalidate_caches() An optional method which, when called, should invalidate any internal cache used by the finder. Used by :func:`invalidate_caches()` when invalidating the caches of all cached finders. .. class:: Loader An abstract base class for a :term:`loader`. See :pep:`302` for the exact definition for a loader. .. method:: load_module(fullname) An abstract method for loading a module. If the module cannot be loaded, :exc:`ImportError` is raised, otherwise the loaded module is returned. If the requested module already exists in :data:`sys.modules`, that module should be used and reloaded. Otherwise the loader should create a new module and insert it into :data:`sys.modules` before any loading begins, to prevent recursion from the import. If the loader inserted a module and the load fails, it must be removed by the loader from :data:`sys.modules`; modules already in :data:`sys.modules` before the loader began execution should be left alone. The :func:`importlib.util.module_for_loader` decorator handles all of these details. The loader should set several attributes on the module. (Note that some of these attributes can change when a module is reloaded.) - :attr:`__name__` The name of the module. - :attr:`__file__` The path to where the module data is stored (not set for built-in modules). - :attr:`__path__` A list of strings specifying the search path within a package. This attribute is not set on modules. - :attr:`__package__` The parent package for the module/package. If the module is top-level then it has a value of the empty string. The :func:`importlib.util.set_package` decorator can handle the details for :attr:`__package__`. - :attr:`__loader__` The loader used to load the module. (This is not set by the built-in import machinery, but it should be set whenever a :term:`loader` is used.) .. class:: ResourceLoader An abstract base class for a :term:`loader` which implements the optional :pep:`302` protocol for loading arbitrary resources from the storage back-end. .. method:: get_data(path) An abstract method to return the bytes for the data located at *path*. Loaders that have a file-like storage back-end that allows storing arbitrary data can implement this abstract method to give direct access to the data stored. :exc:`IOError` is to be raised if the *path* cannot be found. The *path* is expected to be constructed using a module's :attr:`__file__` attribute or an item from a package's :attr:`__path__`. .. class:: InspectLoader An abstract base class for a :term:`loader` which implements the optional :pep:`302` protocol for loaders that inspect modules. .. method:: get_code(fullname) An abstract method to return the :class:`code` object for a module. ``None`` is returned if the module does not have a code object (e.g. built-in module). :exc:`ImportError` is raised if loader cannot find the requested module. .. method:: get_source(fullname) An abstract method to return the source of a module. It is returned as a text string with universal newlines. Returns ``None`` if no source is available (e.g. a built-in module). Raises :exc:`ImportError` if the loader cannot find the module specified. .. method:: is_package(fullname) An abstract method to return a true value if the module is a package, a false value otherwise. :exc:`ImportError` is raised if the :term:`loader` cannot find the module. .. class:: ExecutionLoader An abstract base class which inherits from :class:`InspectLoader` that, when implemented, helps a module to be executed as a script. The ABC represents an optional :pep:`302` protocol. .. method:: get_filename(fullname) An abstract method that is to return the value of :attr:`__file__` for the specified module. If no path is available, :exc:`ImportError` is raised. If source code is available, then the method should return the path to the source file, regardless of whether a bytecode was used to load the module. .. class:: FileLoader(fullname, path) An abstract base class which inherits from :class:`ResourceLoader` and :class:`ExecutionLoader`, providing concreate implementations of :meth:`ResourceLoader.get_data` and :meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`. The *fullname* argument is a fully resolved name of the module the loader is to handle. The *path* argument is the path to the file for the module. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: name The name of the module the loader can handle. .. attribute:: path Path to the file of the module. .. method:: load_module(fullname=None) Calls ``super().load_module(fullname if fullname is not None else self.name)``. .. method:: get_filename(fullname) Returns :attr:`path` when ``fullname`` equals :attr:`name` or ``None``. .. method:: get_data(path) Returns the open, binary file for *path*. .. class:: SourceLoader An abstract base class for implementing source (and optionally bytecode) file loading. The class inherits from both :class:`ResourceLoader` and :class:`ExecutionLoader`, requiring the implementation of: * :meth:`ResourceLoader.get_data` * :meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename` Should only return the path to the source file; sourceless loading is not supported. The abstract methods defined by this class are to add optional bytecode file support. Not implementing these optional methods causes the loader to only work with source code. Implementing the methods allows the loader to work with source *and* bytecode files; it does not allow for *sourceless* loading where only bytecode is provided. Bytecode files are an optimization to speed up loading by removing the parsing step of Python's compiler, and so no bytecode-specific API is exposed. .. method:: path_stats(self, path) Optional abstract method which returns a :class:`dict` containing metadata about the specifed path. Supported dictionary keys are: - ``'mtime'`` (mandatory): an integer or floating-point number representing the modification time of the source code; - ``'size'`` (optional): the size in bytes of the source code. Any other keys in the dictionary are ignored, to allow for future extensions. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. method:: path_mtime(self, path) Optional abstract method which returns the modification time for the specified path. .. deprecated:: 3.3 This method is deprecated in favour of :meth:`path_stats`. You don't have to implement it, but it is still available for compatibility purposes. .. method:: set_data(self, path, data) Optional abstract method which writes the specified bytes to a file path. Any intermediate directories which do not exist are to be created automatically. When writing to the path fails because the path is read-only (:attr:`errno.EACCES`), do not propagate the exception. .. method:: get_code(self, fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.get_code`. .. method:: load_module(self, fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`Loader.load_module`. .. method:: get_source(self, fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.get_source`. .. method:: is_package(self, fullname) Concrete implementation of :meth:`InspectLoader.is_package`. A module is determined to be a package if its file path (as provided by :meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`) is a file named ``__init__`` when the file extension is removed **and** the module name itself does not end in ``__init__``. .. class:: PyLoader An abstract base class inheriting from :class:`ExecutionLoader` and :class:`ResourceLoader` designed to ease the loading of Python source modules (bytecode is not handled; see :class:`SourceLoader` for a source/bytecode ABC). A subclass implementing this ABC will only need to worry about exposing how the source code is stored; all other details for loading Python source code will be handled by the concrete implementations of key methods. .. deprecated:: 3.2 This class has been deprecated in favor of :class:`SourceLoader` and is slated for removal in Python 3.4. See below for how to create a subclass that is compatible with Python 3.1 onwards. If compatibility with Python 3.1 is required, then use the following idiom to implement a subclass that will work with Python 3.1 onwards (make sure to implement :meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename`):: try: from importlib.abc import SourceLoader except ImportError: from importlib.abc import PyLoader as SourceLoader class CustomLoader(SourceLoader): def get_filename(self, fullname): """Return the path to the source file.""" # Implement ... def source_path(self, fullname): """Implement source_path in terms of get_filename.""" try: return self.get_filename(fullname) except ImportError: return None def is_package(self, fullname): """Implement is_package by looking for an __init__ file name as returned by get_filename.""" filename = os.path.basename(self.get_filename(fullname)) return os.path.splitext(filename)[0] == '__init__' .. method:: source_path(fullname) An abstract method that returns the path to the source code for a module. Should return ``None`` if there is no source code. Raises :exc:`ImportError` if the loader knows it cannot handle the module. .. method:: get_filename(fullname) A concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.ExecutionLoader.get_filename` that relies on :meth:`source_path`. If :meth:`source_path` returns ``None``, then :exc:`ImportError` is raised. .. method:: load_module(fullname) A concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.Loader.load_module` that loads Python source code. All needed information comes from the abstract methods required by this ABC. The only pertinent assumption made by this method is that when loading a package :attr:`__path__` is set to ``[os.path.dirname(__file__)]``. .. method:: get_code(fullname) A concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_code` that creates code objects from Python source code, by requesting the source code (using :meth:`source_path` and :meth:`get_data`) and compiling it with the built-in :func:`compile` function. .. method:: get_source(fullname) A concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader.get_source`. Uses :meth:`importlib.abc.ResourceLoader.get_data` and :meth:`source_path` to get the source code. It tries to guess the source encoding using :func:`tokenize.detect_encoding`. .. class:: PyPycLoader An abstract base class inheriting from :class:`PyLoader`. This ABC is meant to help in creating loaders that support both Python source and bytecode. .. deprecated:: 3.2 This class has been deprecated in favor of :class:`SourceLoader` and to properly support :pep:`3147`. If compatibility is required with Python 3.1, implement both :class:`SourceLoader` and :class:`PyLoader`; instructions on how to do so are included in the documentation for :class:`PyLoader`. Do note that this solution will not support sourceless/bytecode-only loading; only source *and* bytecode loading. .. method:: source_mtime(fullname) An abstract method which returns the modification time for the source code of the specified module. The modification time should be an integer. If there is no source code, return ``None``. If the module cannot be found then :exc:`ImportError` is raised. .. method:: bytecode_path(fullname) An abstract method which returns the path to the bytecode for the specified module, if it exists. It returns ``None`` if no bytecode exists (yet). Raises :exc:`ImportError` if the loader knows it cannot handle the module. .. method:: get_filename(fullname) A concrete implementation of :meth:`ExecutionLoader.get_filename` that relies on :meth:`PyLoader.source_path` and :meth:`bytecode_path`. If :meth:`source_path` returns a path, then that value is returned. Else if :meth:`bytecode_path` returns a path, that path will be returned. If a path is not available from both methods, :exc:`ImportError` is raised. .. method:: write_bytecode(fullname, bytecode) An abstract method which has the loader write *bytecode* for future use. If the bytecode is written, return ``True``. Return ``False`` if the bytecode could not be written. This method should not be called if :data:`sys.dont_write_bytecode` is true. The *bytecode* argument should be a bytes string or bytes array. :mod:`importlib.machinery` -- Importers and path hooks ------------------------------------------------------ .. module:: importlib.machinery :synopsis: Importers and path hooks This module contains the various objects that help :keyword:`import` find and load modules. .. attribute:: SOURCE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for source modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the file suffixes for non-optimized bytecode modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the file suffixes for optimized bytecode modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: BYTECODE_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the recognized file suffixes for bytecode modules. Set to either :attr:`DEBUG_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES` or :attr:`OPTIMIZED_BYTECODE_SUFFIXES` based on whether ``__debug__`` is true. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: EXTENSION_SUFFIXES A list of strings representing the the recognized file suffixes for extension modules. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. class:: BuiltinImporter An :term:`importer` for built-in modules. All known built-in modules are listed in :data:`sys.builtin_module_names`. This class implements the :class:`importlib.abc.Finder` and :class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader` ABCs. Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation. .. class:: FrozenImporter An :term:`importer` for frozen modules. This class implements the :class:`importlib.abc.Finder` and :class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader` ABCs. Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation. .. class:: PathFinder :term:`Finder` for :data:`sys.path`. This class implements the :class:`importlib.abc.Finder` ABC. This class does not perfectly mirror the semantics of :keyword:`import` in terms of :data:`sys.path`. No implicit path hooks are assumed for simplification of the class and its semantics. This implies that when ``None`` is found in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` that it is simply ignored instead of implying a default finder. Only class methods are defined by this class to alleviate the need for instantiation. .. classmethod:: find_module(fullname, path=None) Class method that attempts to find a :term:`loader` for the module specified by *fullname* on :data:`sys.path` or, if defined, on *path*. For each path entry that is searched, :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` is checked. If a non-false object is found then it is used as the :term:`finder` to look for the module being searched for. If no entry is found in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache`, then :data:`sys.path_hooks` is searched for a finder for the path entry and, if found, is stored in :data:`sys.path_importer_cache` along with being queried about the module. If no finder is ever found then ``None`` is returned. .. class:: FileFinder(path, \*loader_details) A concrete implementation of :class:`importlib.abc.Finder` which caches results from the file system. The *path* argument is the directory for which the finder is in charge of searching. The *loader_details* argument is a variable number of 3-item tuples each containing a loader, file suffixes the loader recognizes, and a boolean representing whether the loader handles packages. The finder will cache the directory contents as necessary, making stat calls for each module search to verify the cache is not outdated. Because cache staleness relies upon the granularity of the operating system's state information of the file system, there is a potential race condition of searching for a module, creating a new file, and then searching for the module the new file represents. If the operations happen fast enough to fit within the granularity of stat calls, then the module search will fail. To prevent this from happening, when you create a module dynamically, make sure to call :func:`importlib.invalidate_caches`. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: path The path the finder will search in. .. method:: find_module(fullname) Attempt to find the loader to handle *fullname* within :attr:`path`. .. method:: invalidate_caches() Clear out the internal cache. .. classmethod:: path_hook(\*loader_details) A class method which returns a closure for use on :attr:`sys.path_hooks`. An instance of :class:`FileFinder` is returned by the closure using the path argument given to the closure directly and *loader_details* indirectly. If the argument to the closure is not an existing directory, :exc:`ImportError` is raised. .. class:: SourceFileLoader(fullname, path) A concrete implementation of :class:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader` by subclassing :class:`importlib.abc.FileLoader` and providing some concrete implementations of other methods. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: name The name of the module that this loader will handle. .. attribute:: path The path to the source file. .. method:: is_package(fullname) Return true if :attr:`path` appears to be for a package. .. method:: path_stats(path) Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.path_stats`. .. method:: set_data(path, data) Concrete implementation of :meth:`importlib.abc.SourceLoader.set_data`. .. class:: SourcelessFileLoader(fullname, path) A concrete implementation of :class:`importlib.abc.FileLoader` which can import bytecode files (i.e. no source code files exist). Please note that direct use of bytecode files (and thus not source code files) inhibits your modules from being usable by all Python implementations or new versions of Python which change the bytecode format. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: name The name of the module the loader will handle. .. attribute:: path The path to the bytecode file. .. method:: is_package(fullname) Determines if the module is a package based on :attr:`path`. .. method:: get_code(fullname) Returns the code object for :attr:`name` created from :attr:`path`. .. method:: get_source(fullname) Returns ``None`` as bytecode files have no source when this loader is used. .. class:: ExtensionFileLoader(fullname, path) A concrete implementation of :class:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader` for extension modules. The *fullname* argument specifies the name of the module the loader is to support. The *path* argument is the path to the extension module's file. .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. attribute:: name Name of the module the loader supports. .. attribute:: path Path to the extension module. .. method:: load_module(fullname=None) Loads the extension module if and only if *fullname* is the same as :attr:`name` or is ``None``. .. method:: is_package(fullname) Returns ``False`` as extension modules can never be packages. .. method:: get_code(fullname) Returns ``None`` as extension modules lack a code object. .. method:: get_source(fullname) Returns ``None`` as extension modules do not have source code. :mod:`importlib.util` -- Utility code for importers --------------------------------------------------- .. module:: importlib.util :synopsis: Utility code for importers This module contains the various objects that help in the construction of an :term:`importer`. .. function:: resolve_name(name, package) Resolve a relative module name to an absolute one. If **name** has no leading dots, then **name** is simply returned. This allows for usage such as ``importlib.util.resolve_name('sys', __package__)`` without doing a check to see if the **package** argument is needed. :exc:`ValueError` is raised if **name** is a relative module name but package is a false value (e.g. ``None`` or the empty string). :exc:`ValueError` is also raised a relative name would escape its containing package (e.g. requesting ``..bacon`` from within the ``spam`` package). .. versionadded:: 3.3 .. decorator:: module_for_loader A :term:`decorator` for a :term:`loader` method, to handle selecting the proper module object to load with. The decorated method is expected to have a call signature taking two positional arguments (e.g. ``load_module(self, module)``) for which the second argument will be the module **object** to be used by the loader. Note that the decorator will not work on static methods because of the assumption of two arguments. The decorated method will take in the **name** of the module to be loaded as expected for a :term:`loader`. If the module is not found in :data:`sys.modules` then a new one is constructed with its :attr:`__name__` attribute set to **name**, :attr:`__loader__` set to **self**, and :attr:`__package__` set if :meth:`importlib.abc.InspectLoader.is_package` is defined for **self** and does not raise :exc:`ImportError` for **name**. If a new module is not needed then the module found in :data:`sys.modules` will be passed into the method. If an exception is raised by the decorated method and a module was added to :data:`sys.modules` it will be removed to prevent a partially initialized module from being in left in :data:`sys.modules`. If the module was already in :data:`sys.modules` then it is left alone. Use of this decorator handles all the details of which module object a loader should initialize as specified by :pep:`302` as best as possible. .. versionchanged:: 3.3 :attr:`__loader__` and :attr:`__package__` are automatically set (when possible). .. decorator:: set_loader A :term:`decorator` for a :term:`loader` method, to set the :attr:`__loader__` attribute on loaded modules. If the attribute is already set the decorator does nothing. It is assumed that the first positional argument to the wrapped method (i.e. ``self``) is what :attr:`__loader__` should be set to. .. note:: It is recommended that :func:`module_for_loader` be used over this decorator as it subsumes this functionality. .. decorator:: set_package A :term:`decorator` for a :term:`loader` to set the :attr:`__package__` attribute on the module returned by the loader. If :attr:`__package__` is set and has a value other than ``None`` it will not be changed. Note that the module returned by the loader is what has the attribute set on and not the module found in :data:`sys.modules`. Reliance on this decorator is discouraged when it is possible to set :attr:`__package__` before importing. By setting it beforehand the code for the module is executed with the attribute set and thus can be used by global level code during initialization. .. note:: It is recommended that :func:`module_for_loader` be used over this decorator as it subsumes this functionality.