\documentclass{howto}
\usepackage{ltxmarkup}
\usepackage{times}
\usepackage{distutils}

\title{Distributing Python Modules}

\author{Greg Ward}
\authoraddress{E-mail: \email{gward@python.net}}


\newcommand{\XXX}[1]{\textbf{**#1**}}


\begin{document}

\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\section{Introduction}
\label{sec:intro}

In the past, Python module developers have not had much infrastructure
support for distributing modules, nor have Python users had much support
for installing and maintaining third-party modules.  With the
introduction of the Python Distribution Utilities (Distutils for short)
in Python 1.6, this situation should start to improve.

This document only covers using the Distutils to distribute your Python
modules.  Using the Distutils does not tie you to Python 1.6, though:
the Distutils work just fine with Python 1.5, and it is reasonable (and
expected to become commonplace) to expect users of Python 1.5 to
download and install the Distutils separately before they can install
your modules.  Python 1.6 users, of course, won't have to add anything
to their Python installation in order to use the Distutils to install
third-party modules.

This document concentrates on the role of developer/distributor: if
you're looking for information on installing Python modules, you should
refer to the ``Installing Python Modules'' manual.


\section{Concepts \& Terminology}
\label{sec:concepts}

Using the Distutils is quite simple, both for module developers and for
users/administrators installing third-party modules.  As a developer,
your responsibilites (apart from writing solid, well-documented and
well-tested code, of course!) are:
\begin{itemize}
\item write a setup script (\file{setup.py} by convention)
\item (optional) write a setup configuration file
\item create a source distribution
\item (optional) create one or more built (binary) distributions
\end{itemize}
Each of these tasks is covered in this document.

Not all module developers have access to a multitude of platforms, so
it's not always feasible to expect them to create a multitude of built
distributions.  It is hoped that a class of intermediaries, called
\emph{packagers}, will arise to take address this need.  Packagers will
take source distributions released by module developers, build them on
one or more platforms, and release the resulting built distributions.
Thus, users on the most popular platforms will be able to install most
popular Python module distributions in the most natural way for their
platform, without having to run a single setup script or compile a line
of code.


\subsection{A simple example}
\label{sec:simple-example}

The setup script is usually quite simple, although since it's written in
Python, there are no arbitrary limits to what you can do.  If all you
want to do is distribute a module called \module{foo}, contained in a
file \file{foo.py}, then you can get away with as little as this:
\begin{verbatim}
from distutils.core import setup
setup (name = "foo",
       version = "1.0",
       py_modules = ["foo"])
\end{verbatim}
Some observations:
\begin{itemize}
\item all information that you supply to the Distutils is supplied as
  keyword arguments to the \function{setup()} function
\item those keyword arguments fall into two categories: package
  meta-data (name, version number) and information about what's in the
  package (list of pure modules, in this case)
\item modules are specified by module name, not filename (the same will
  hold true for packages and extensions)
\item it's recommended that you supply a little more meta-data, in
  particular your name, email address and a URL for the project
\end{itemize}

To create a source distribution for this module, you would run
\begin{verbatim}
python setup.py sdist
\end{verbatim}
which will create an archive file (e.g., tarball on Unix, zip file on
Windows) containing your setup script, \file{setup.py}, and your module,
\file{foo.py}.  The archive file will be named \file{Foo-1.0.tar.gz} (or
\file{.zip}), and will unpack into a directory \file{Foo-1.0}.

If an end-user wishes to install your \module{foo} module, all she has
to do is download \file{Foo-1.0.tar.gz}) (or \file{.zip}), unpack it,
and---from the \file{Foo-1.0} directory---run
\begin{verbatim}
python setup.py install
\end{verbatim}
which will ultimately copy \file{foo.py} to the appropriate directory
for third-party modules in their Python installation.

This simple example demonstrates some fundamental concepts of the
Distutils: first, both developers and installers have the same basic
user interface, i.e. the setup script.  The difference is which
Distutils \emph{commands} they use: the \command{sdist} command is
almost exclusively for module developers, while \command{install} is
more often for installers (although most developers will want to install
their own code occasionally).

\XXX{only partially implemented}%
If you want to make things really easy for your users, you can create
one or more built distributions for them.  For instance, if you are
running on a Windows machine, and want to make things easy for other
Windows users, you can create an executable installer (the most
appropriate type of built distribution for this platform) with the
\command{bdist\_wise} command.  (Wise is the installation tool used to
create Windows installers for Python itself, so we have adopted it for
use by any Python module distribution.  You'll need to have version XXX
of Wise installed on your system for the \command{bdist\_wise} to work;
it's available from \url{http://foo/bar/baz}.  For example:
\begin{verbatim}
python setup.py bdist_wise
\end{verbatim}
will create an executable installer, \file{Foo-1\_0.exe}, in the current
directory.

\XXX{not implemented yet}
Other \command{bdist\_*} commands exist for RPM-based Linux systems
(\command{bdist\_rpm}), Debian-based Linux systems
(\command{bdist\_deb}), ...


\subsection{General Python terminology}
\label{sec:python-terms}

If you're reading this document, you probably have a good idea of what
modules, extensions, and so forth are.  Nevertheless, just to be sure
that everyone is operating from a common starting point, we offer the
following glossary of common Python terms:
\begin{description}
\item[module] the basic unit of code reusability in Python: a block of
  code imported by some other code.  There are three types of modules
  that concern us here: pure Python modules, extension modules, and
  packages.
\item[pure Python module] a module written in Python and contained in a
  single \file{.py} file (and possibly associated \file{.pyc} and/or
  \file{.pyo} files).  Sometimes referred to as a ``pure module.''
\item[extension module] a module written in the low-level language of
  the Python implemention: C/C++ for CPython, Java for JPython.
  Typically contained in a single dynamically loadable pre-compiled
  file, e.g. a shared object (\file{.so}) file for CPython extensions on
  Unix, a DLL (given the \file{.pyd} extension) for CPython extensions
  on Windows, or a Java class file for JPython extensions.
\item[package] a module that contains other modules; typically contained
  in a directory in the filesystem and distinguished from other
  directories by the presence of a file \file{\_\_init\_\_.py}.
\end{description}


\subsection{Distutils-specific terminology}
\label{sec:distutils-term}

The following terms apply more specifically to the domain of
distributing Python modules using the Distutils:
\begin{description}
\item[module distribution] a collection of Python modules distributed
  together as a single downloadable resource and meant to be installed
  \emph{en masse}.  Examples of some well-known module distributions are
  Numeric Python, PyXML, PIL (the Python Imaging Library), or
  mxDateTime.  (This would be called a \emph{package}, except that term
  is already spoken for in the Python context: a single module
  distribution may contain zero, one, or many Python packages.)
\item[pure module distribution] a module distribution that contains only
  pure Python modules and packages.  Sometimes referred to as a ``pure
  distribution.''
\item[non-pure module distribution] a module distribution that contains
  at least one extension module.  Sometimes referred to as a ``non-pure
  distribution.''
\item[distribution root] the top-level directory of your source tree (or 
  source distribution); the directory where \file{setup.py} exists and
  is run from
\end{description}


\section{Writing the Setup Script}
\label{sec:setup-script}

The setup script is the centre of all activity in building,
distributing, and installing modules using the Distutils.  The main
purpose of the setup script is to describe your module distribution to
the Distutils, so that the various commands that operate on your modules 
do the right thing.  As we saw in section~\ref{sec:simple-example}
above, the setup script consists mainly of a call to \function{setup()}, and 
all information supplied to the Distutils is suppled as keyword
arguments to \function{setup()}.

Here's a slightly more involved example, which we'll follow for the next
couple of sections: the Distutils' own setup script.  (Keep in mind that
although the Distutils are included with Python 1.6, they also have an
independent existence so that Python 1.5 users can use them to install
other module distributions.)

\begin{verbatim}
#!/usr/bin/env python

from distutils.core import setup

setup (name = "Distutils",
       version = "1.0",
       description = "Python Module Distribution Utilities",
       author = "Greg Ward",
       author_email = "gward@python.net",
       url = "http://www.python.org/sigs/distutils-sig/",

       packages = ['distutils', 'distutils.command'],
      )
\end{verbatim}
There are only two differences between this and the trivial one-file
distribution presented in section~\ref{sec:simple-example}: more
meta-data, and the specification of pure Python modules by package,
rather than by module.  This is important since the Distutils consist of
a couple of dozen modules split into (so far) two packages; an explicit
list of every module would be tedious to generate and difficult to
maintain.


\subsection{Package directories}
\label{sec:package-dirs}

The \option{packages} option tells the Distutils to process (build,
distribute, install, etc.) all pure Python modules found in each package
mentioned in the \option{packages} list.  In order to do this, of
course, there has to be a correspondence between package names and
directories in the filesystem.  The default correspondence is the most
obvious one, i.e. package \package{distutils} is found in the directory
\file{distutils} relative to the distribution root.  Thus, when you say
\code{packages = ['foo']} in your setup script, you are promising that
the Distutils will find a file \file{foo/\_\_init\_\_.py} (which might
be spelled differently on your system, but you get the idea) relative to
the directory where your setup script lives.  (If you break this
promise, the Distutils will issue a warning but process the broken
package anyways.)

If you use a different convention to lay out your source directory,
that's no problem: you just have to supply the \option{package\_dir}
option to tell the Distutils about your convention.  For example, say
you keep all Python source under \file{lib}, so that modules not in any
package are right in \file{lib}, modules in the \package{foo} package
are in \file{lib/foo}, and so forth.  Then you would put
\begin{verbatim}
package_dir = {'': 'lib'}
\end{verbatim}
in your setup script.  (The keys to this dictionary are package names,
and an empty package name stands for the ``root package,'' i.e. no
package at all.  The values are directory names relative to your
distribution root.)  In this case, when you say
\code{packages = ['foo']}, you are promising that the file
\file{lib/foo/\_\_init\_\_.py} exists.

Another possible convention is to put the \package{foo} package right in 
\file{lib}, the \package{foo.bar} package in \file{lib/bar}, etc.  This
would be written in the setup script as
\begin{verbatim}
package_dir = {'foo': 'lib'}
\end{verbatim}
Note that a \code{\var{package}: \var{dir}} entry in the
\option{package\_dir} option implicitly applies to all packages below
\var{package}, so the \package{foo.bar} case is automatically handled
here.  In this example, having \code{packages = ['foo', 'foo.bar']}
tells the Distutils to look for \file{lib/\_\_init\_\_.py} and
\file{lib/bar/\_\_init\_\_.py}.


\subsection{Listing individual modules}
\label{sec:listing-modules}

For a small module distribution, you might prefer to list all modules
rather than listing packages---especially the case of a single module
that goes in the ``root package'' (i.e., no package at all).  This
simplest case was shown in section~\ref{sec:simple-example}; here is a
slightly more involved example:
\begin{verbatim}
py_modules = ['mod1', 'pkg.mod2']
\end{verbatim}
This describes two modules, one of them in the ``root'' package, the
other in the \package{pkg} package.  Again, the default
package/directory layout implies that these two modules can be found in
\file{mod1.py} and \file{pkg/mod2.py}, and that \file{pkg/\_\_init\_\_.py}
exists as well.  And again, you can override the package/directory
layout using the \option{package\_dir} option.  \XXX{not sure if this is
  actually true---must check!}


\section{Writing the Setup Configuration File}
\label{sec:setup-config}

\XXX{not implemented yet!}

Often, it's not possible to write down everything needed to build a
distribution \emph{a priori}.  You need to get some information from the
user, or from the user's system, in order to proceed.  For example, you
might include an optional extension module that provides an interface to
a particular C library.  If that library is installed on the user's
system, then you can build your optional extension---but you need to
know where to find the header and library file.  If it's not installed,
you need to know this so you can omit your optional extension.

The preferred way to do this, of course, would be for you to tell the
Distutils which optional features (C libraries, system calls, external
utilities, etc.) you're looking for, and it would inspect the user's
system and try to find them.  This functionality may appear in a future
version of the Distutils, but it isn't there now.  So, for the time
being, we rely on the user building and installing your software to
provide the necessary information.  The vehicle for doing so is the
setup configuration file, \file{setup.cfg}.

\XXX{need more here!}


\section{Creating a Source Distribution}
\label{sec:source-dist}

As shown in section~\ref{sec:simple-example}, you use the
\command{sdist} command to create a source distribution.  In the
simplest case,
\begin{verbatim}
python setup.py sdist
\end{verbatim}
(assuming you haven't specified any \command{sdist} options in the setup 
script or config file), \command{sdist} creates the the archive of the
default format for the current platform.  The default formats are:
\begin{tableii}{ll}{textrm}%
  {Platform}{Default archive format for source distributions}
  \lineii{Unix}{gzipped tar file (\file{.tar.gz})}
  \lineii{Windows}{zip file}  
\end{tableii}
You can specify as many formats as you like using the \option{--formats} 
option, for example:
\begin{verbatim}
python setup.py sdist --formats=gztar,zip
\end{verbatim}
to create a gzipped tarball and a zip file.  The available formats are:
\begin{tableii}{ll}{textrm}%
  {Format}{Description}
  \lineii{zip}{zip file (\file{.zip})}
  \lineii{gztar}{gzipped tar file (\file{.tar.gz})}
  \lineii{ztar}{compressed tar file (\file{.tar.Z})}
  \lineii{tar}{tar file (\file{.tar})}  
\end{tableii}


\subsection{The manifest and manifest template}
\label{sec:manifest}

Without any additional information, the \command{sdist} command puts a
minimal set of files into the source distribution:
\begin{itemize}
\item all Python source files implied by the \option{py\_modules} and
  \option{packages} options
\item all C source files mentioned in the \option{ext\_modules} or
  \option{libraries} options (\XXX{getting C library sources currently
    broken -- no get\_source\_files() method in build\_clib.py!})
\item anything that looks like a test script: \file{test/test*.py}
  (currently, the Distutils don't do anything with test scripts except
  include them in source distributions, but in the future there will be
  a standard for testing Python module distributions)
\item \file{README.txt} (or \file{README}) and \file{setup.py}
\end{itemize}
Sometimes this is enough, but usually you will want to specify
additional files to distribute.  The typical way to do this is to write
a \emph{manifest template}, called \file{MANIFEST.in} by default.  The
\command{sdist} command processes this template and generates a manifest
file, \file{MANIFEST}.  (If you prefer, you can skip the manifest
template and generate the manifest yourself: it just lists one file per
line.)

The manifest template has one command per line, where each command
specifies a set of files to include or exclude from the source
distribution.  For an example, again we turn to the Distutils' own
manifest template:
\begin{verbatim}
include *.txt
recursive-include examples *.txt
recursive-include examples *.py
prune examples/sample?/build
\end{verbatim}
The meanings should be fairly clear: include all files in the
distribution root matching \code{*.txt}, all files anywhere under the
\file{examples} directory matching \code{*.txt} or \code{*.py}, and
exclude all directories matching \code{examples/sample?/build}.  There
are several other commands available in the manifest template
mini-language; see section~\ref{sec:sdist-cmd}.

The order of commands in the manifest template very much matters:
initially, we have the list of default files as described above, and
each command in the template adds to or removes from that list of files.
When we have fully processed the manifest template, we have our complete
list of files.  This list is written to the manifest for future
reference, and then used to build the source distribution archive(s).

We can now see how the \command{sdist} command will build the list of
files to include in the Distutils source distribution:
\begin{enumerate}
\item include all Python source files in the \file{distutils} and
  \file{distutils/command} subdirectories (because packages
  corresponding to those two directories were mentioned in the
  \option{packages} option in the setup script)
\item include \file{test/test*.py} (always included)
\item include \file{README.txt} and \file{setup.py} (always included)
\item include \file{*.txt} in the distribution root (this will find
  \file{README.txt} a second time, but such redundancies are weeded out
  later)
\item in the sub-tree under \file{examples}, include anything matching
  \file{*.txt}
\item in the sub-tree under \file{examples}, include anything matching
  \file{*.py}
\item remove all files in the sub-trees starting at directories matching
  \file{examples/sample?/build}---this may exclude files included by the
  previous two steps, so it's important that the \code{prune} command in
  the manifest template comes after the two \code{recursive-include}
  commands
\end{enumerate}


\subsection{Manifest-related options}
\label{sec:manifest-options}

The normal course of operations for the \command{sdist} command is as
follows:
\begin{itemize}
\item if \file{MANIFEST.in} is more recent than \file{MANIFEST}, or
  \file{MANIFEST} doesn't exist at all, recreate \file{MANIFEST} by
  processing \file{MANIFEST.in}
\item use the list of files now in \file{MANIFEST} (either just
  generated or read in) to create the source distribution archive(s)
\end{itemize}
There are a couple of options that modify this behaviour.

First, you might want to force the manifest to be regenerated---for
example, if you have added or removed files or directories that match an
existing pattern in the manifest template, you should regenerate the
manifest:
\begin{verbatim}
python setup.py sdist --force-manifest
\end{verbatim}
\XXX{this is stupid, but is there a better way to do it without
  reprocessing MANIFEST.in every single bloody time?}

Or, you might just want to (re)generate the manifest, but not create a
source distribution:
\begin{verbatim}
python setup.py sdist --manifest-only
\end{verbatim}
(\option{--manifest-only} implies \option{--force-manifest}.)

If you don't want to use the default file set, you can supply the
\option{--no-defaults} option.  If you use \option{--no-defaults} and
don't supply a manifest template (or it's empty, or nothing matches the
patterns in it), then your source distribution will be empty.


\section{Creating Built Distributions}
\label{sec:built-dist}



\section{Examples}
\label{sec:examples}


\subsection{Pure Python distribution (by module)}
\label{sec:pure-mod}


\subsection{Pure Python distribution (by package)}
\label{sec:pure-pkg}


\subsection{Single extension module}
\label{sec:single-ext}


\subsection{Multiple extension modules}
\label{sec:multiple-ext}


\subsection{Putting it all together}


\section{Reference}
\label{sec:ref}


\subsection{Building modules: the \protect\command{build} command family}
\label{sec:build-cmds}

\subsubsection{\protect\command{build}}
\label{sec:build-cmd}

\subsubsection{\protect\command{build\_py}}
\label{sec:build-py-cmd}

\subsubsection{\protect\command{build\_ext}}
\label{sec:build-ext-cmd}

\subsubsection{\protect\command{build\_clib}}
\label{sec:build-clib-cmd}


\subsection{Installing modules: the \protect\command{install} command family}
\label{sec:install-cmd}


\subsection{Cleaning up: the \protect\command{clean} command}
\label{sec:clean-cmd}


\subsection{Creating a source distribution: the \protect\command{sdist} command}
\label{sec:sdist-cmd}


\XXX{fragment moved down from above: needs context!}
The manifest template commands are:
\begin{tableii}{ll}{command}{Command}{Description}
  \lineii{include \var{pat}}{include all files matching \var{pat}}
  \lineii{exclude \var{pat}}{exclude all files matching \var{pat}}
  \lineii{recursive-include \var{dir} \var{pat}}
    {include all files under \var{dir} matching \var{pat}}
  \lineii{recursive-exclude \var{dir} \var{pat}}
    {exclude all files under \var{dir} matching \var{pat}}
  \lineii{global-include \var{pat}}
    {include all files anywhere in the source tree matching \var{pat}}
  \lineii{global-exclude \var{pat}}
    {exclude all files anywhere in the source tree matching \var{pat}}
  \lineii{prune \var{dir}}{exclude all files under \var{dir}}
  \lineii{graft \var{dir}}{include all files under \var{dir}}
\end{tableii}
The patterns here are Unix-style ``glob'' patterns: \code{*} matches any
sequence of regular filename characters, \code{?} matches any single
regular filename character, and \code{[\var{range}]} matches any of the
characters in \var{range} (e.g., \code{a-z}, \code{a-zA-Z},
\code{a-f0-9\_.}).  The definition of ``regular filename character'' is
platform-specific: on Unix it is anything except slash; on Windows
anything except backslash or colon; on Mac OS anything except colon.
\XXX{Windows and Mac OS support not there yet}


\subsection{Creating a ``built'' distribution: the \protect\command{bdist} command
  family}
\label{sec:bdist-cmds}


\subsubsection{\protect\command{blib}}

\subsubsection{\protect\command{blib\_dumb}}

\subsubsection{\protect\command{blib\_rpm}}

\subsubsection{\protect\command{blib\_wise}}








\end{document}