import unittest GLOBAL_VAR = None class NamedExpressionInvalidTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_named_expression_invalid_01(self): code = """x := 0""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_02(self): code = """x = y := 0""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_03(self): code = """y := f(x)""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_04(self): code = """y0 = y1 := f(x)""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_06(self): code = """((a, b) := (1, 2))""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "cannot use assignment expressions with tuple"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_07(self): code = """def spam(a = b := 42): pass""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_08(self): code = """def spam(a: b := 42 = 5): pass""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_09(self): code = """spam(a=b := 'c')""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_10(self): code = """spam(x = y := f(x))""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_11(self): code = """spam(a=1, b := 2)""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "positional argument follows keyword argument"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_12(self): code = """spam(a=1, (b := 2))""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "positional argument follows keyword argument"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_13(self): code = """spam(a=1, (b := 2))""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "positional argument follows keyword argument"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_14(self): code = """(x := lambda: y := 1)""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_15(self): code = """(lambda: x := 1)""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "cannot use assignment expressions with lambda"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_16(self): code = "[i + 1 for i in i := [1,2]]" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "invalid syntax"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_17(self): code = "[i := 0, j := 1 for i, j in [(1, 2), (3, 4)]]" with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "did you forget parentheses around the comprehension target?"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_invalid_in_class_body(self): code = """class Foo(): [(42, 1 + ((( j := i )))) for i in range(5)] """ with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "assignment expression within a comprehension cannot be used in a class body"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_valid_rebinding_iteration_variable(self): # This test covers that we can reassign variables # that are not directly assigned in the # iterable part of a comprehension. cases = [ # Regression tests from https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/87447 ("Complex expression: c", "{0}(c := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: d", "{0}(d := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: e", "{0}(e := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: f", "{0}(f := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: g", "{0}(g := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: h", "{0}(h := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: i", "{0}(i := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: j", "{0}(j := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ] for test_case, code in cases: for lpar, rpar in [('(', ')'), ('[', ']'), ('{', '}')]: code = code.format(lpar, rpar) with self.subTest(case=test_case, lpar=lpar, rpar=rpar): # Names used in snippets are not defined, # but we are fine with it: just must not be a SyntaxError. # Names used in snippets are not defined, # but we are fine with it: just must not be a SyntaxError. with self.assertRaises(NameError): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaises(NameError): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope def test_named_expression_invalid_rebinding_iteration_variable(self): # This test covers that we cannot reassign variables # that are directly assigned in the iterable part of a comprehension. cases = [ # Regression tests from https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/87447 ("Complex expression: a", "a", "{0}(a := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ("Complex expression: b", "b", "{0}(b := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j{1}"), ] for test_case, target, code in cases: msg = f"assignment expression cannot rebind comprehension iteration variable '{target}'" for lpar, rpar in [('(', ')'), ('[', ']'), ('{', '}')]: code = code.format(lpar, rpar) with self.subTest(case=test_case, lpar=lpar, rpar=rpar): # Names used in snippets are not defined, # but we are fine with it: just must not be a SyntaxError. # Names used in snippets are not defined, # but we are fine with it: just must not be a SyntaxError. with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope def test_named_expression_invalid_rebinding_list_comprehension_iteration_variable(self): cases = [ ("Local reuse", 'i', "[i := 0 for i in range(5)]"), ("Nested reuse", 'j', "[[(j := 0) for i in range(5)] for j in range(5)]"), ("Reuse inner loop target", 'j', "[(j := 0) for i in range(5) for j in range(5)]"), ("Unpacking reuse", 'i', "[i := 0 for i, j in [(0, 1)]]"), ("Reuse in loop condition", 'i', "[i+1 for i in range(5) if (i := 0)]"), ("Unreachable reuse", 'i', "[False or (i:=0) for i in range(5)]"), ("Unreachable nested reuse", 'i', "[(i, j) for i in range(5) for j in range(5) if True or (i:=10)]"), ] for case, target, code in cases: msg = f"assignment expression cannot rebind comprehension iteration variable '{target}'" with self.subTest(case=case): with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope def test_named_expression_invalid_rebinding_list_comprehension_inner_loop(self): cases = [ ("Inner reuse", 'j', "[i for i in range(5) if (j := 0) for j in range(5)]"), ("Inner unpacking reuse", 'j', "[i for i in range(5) if (j := 0) for j, k in [(0, 1)]]"), ] for case, target, code in cases: msg = f"comprehension inner loop cannot rebind assignment expression target '{target}'" with self.subTest(case=case): with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope def test_named_expression_invalid_list_comprehension_iterable_expression(self): cases = [ ("Top level", "[i for i in (i := range(5))]"), ("Inside tuple", "[i for i in (2, 3, i := range(5))]"), ("Inside list", "[i for i in [2, 3, i := range(5)]]"), ("Different name", "[i for i in (j := range(5))]"), ("Lambda expression", "[i for i in (lambda:(j := range(5)))()]"), ("Inner loop", "[i for i in range(5) for j in (i := range(5))]"), ("Nested comprehension", "[i for i in [j for j in (k := range(5))]]"), ("Nested comprehension condition", "[i for i in [j for j in range(5) if (j := True)]]"), ("Nested comprehension body", "[i for i in [(j := True) for j in range(5)]]"), ] msg = "assignment expression cannot be used in a comprehension iterable expression" for case, code in cases: with self.subTest(case=case): with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope def test_named_expression_invalid_rebinding_set_comprehension_iteration_variable(self): cases = [ ("Local reuse", 'i', "{i := 0 for i in range(5)}"), ("Nested reuse", 'j', "{{(j := 0) for i in range(5)} for j in range(5)}"), ("Reuse inner loop target", 'j', "{(j := 0) for i in range(5) for j in range(5)}"), ("Unpacking reuse", 'i', "{i := 0 for i, j in {(0, 1)}}"), ("Reuse in loop condition", 'i', "{i+1 for i in range(5) if (i := 0)}"), ("Unreachable reuse", 'i', "{False or (i:=0) for i in range(5)}"), ("Unreachable nested reuse", 'i', "{(i, j) for i in range(5) for j in range(5) if True or (i:=10)}"), # Regression tests from https://github.com/python/cpython/issues/87447 ("Complex expression: a", "a", "{(a := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j}"), ("Complex expression: b", "b", "{(b := 1) for a, (*b, c[d+e::f(g)], h.i) in j}"), ] for case, target, code in cases: msg = f"assignment expression cannot rebind comprehension iteration variable '{target}'" with self.subTest(case=case): with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope def test_named_expression_invalid_rebinding_set_comprehension_inner_loop(self): cases = [ ("Inner reuse", 'j', "{i for i in range(5) if (j := 0) for j in range(5)}"), ("Inner unpacking reuse", 'j', "{i for i in range(5) if (j := 0) for j, k in {(0, 1)}}"), ] for case, target, code in cases: msg = f"comprehension inner loop cannot rebind assignment expression target '{target}'" with self.subTest(case=case): with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope def test_named_expression_invalid_set_comprehension_iterable_expression(self): cases = [ ("Top level", "{i for i in (i := range(5))}"), ("Inside tuple", "{i for i in (2, 3, i := range(5))}"), ("Inside list", "{i for i in {2, 3, i := range(5)}}"), ("Different name", "{i for i in (j := range(5))}"), ("Lambda expression", "{i for i in (lambda:(j := range(5)))()}"), ("Inner loop", "{i for i in range(5) for j in (i := range(5))}"), ("Nested comprehension", "{i for i in {j for j in (k := range(5))}}"), ("Nested comprehension condition", "{i for i in {j for j in range(5) if (j := True)}}"), ("Nested comprehension body", "{i for i in {(j := True) for j in range(5)}}"), ] msg = "assignment expression cannot be used in a comprehension iterable expression" for case, code in cases: with self.subTest(case=case): with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}) # Module scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(code, {}, {}) # Class scope with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, msg): exec(f"lambda: {code}", {}) # Function scope class NamedExpressionAssignmentTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_named_expression_assignment_01(self): (a := 10) self.assertEqual(a, 10) def test_named_expression_assignment_02(self): a = 20 (a := a) self.assertEqual(a, 20) def test_named_expression_assignment_03(self): (total := 1 + 2) self.assertEqual(total, 3) def test_named_expression_assignment_04(self): (info := (1, 2, 3)) self.assertEqual(info, (1, 2, 3)) def test_named_expression_assignment_05(self): (x := 1, 2) self.assertEqual(x, 1) def test_named_expression_assignment_06(self): (z := (y := (x := 0))) self.assertEqual(x, 0) self.assertEqual(y, 0) self.assertEqual(z, 0) def test_named_expression_assignment_07(self): (loc := (1, 2)) self.assertEqual(loc, (1, 2)) def test_named_expression_assignment_08(self): if spam := "eggs": self.assertEqual(spam, "eggs") else: self.fail("variable was not assigned using named expression") def test_named_expression_assignment_09(self): if True and (spam := True): self.assertTrue(spam) else: self.fail("variable was not assigned using named expression") def test_named_expression_assignment_10(self): if (match := 10) == 10: pass else: self.fail("variable was not assigned using named expression") def test_named_expression_assignment_11(self): def spam(a): return a input_data = [1, 2, 3] res = [(x, y, x/y) for x in input_data if (y := spam(x)) > 0] self.assertEqual(res, [(1, 1, 1.0), (2, 2, 1.0), (3, 3, 1.0)]) def test_named_expression_assignment_12(self): def spam(a): return a res = [[y := spam(x), x/y] for x in range(1, 5)] self.assertEqual(res, [[1, 1.0], [2, 1.0], [3, 1.0], [4, 1.0]]) def test_named_expression_assignment_13(self): length = len(lines := [1, 2]) self.assertEqual(length, 2) self.assertEqual(lines, [1,2]) def test_named_expression_assignment_14(self): """ Where all variables are positive integers, and a is at least as large as the n'th root of x, this algorithm returns the floor of the n'th root of x (and roughly doubling the number of accurate bits per iteration): """ a = 9 n = 2 x = 3 while a > (d := x // a**(n-1)): a = ((n-1)*a + d) // n self.assertEqual(a, 1) def test_named_expression_assignment_15(self): while a := False: pass # This will not run self.assertEqual(a, False) def test_named_expression_assignment_16(self): a, b = 1, 2 fib = {(c := a): (a := b) + (b := a + c) - b for __ in range(6)} self.assertEqual(fib, {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 5, 5: 8, 8: 13, 13: 21}) def test_named_expression_assignment_17(self): a = [1] element = a[b:=0] self.assertEqual(b, 0) self.assertEqual(element, a[0]) def test_named_expression_assignment_18(self): class TwoDimensionalList: def __init__(self, two_dimensional_list): self.two_dimensional_list = two_dimensional_list def __getitem__(self, index): return self.two_dimensional_list[index[0]][index[1]] a = TwoDimensionalList([[1], [2]]) element = a[b:=0, c:=0] self.assertEqual(b, 0) self.assertEqual(c, 0) self.assertEqual(element, a.two_dimensional_list[b][c]) class NamedExpressionScopeTest(unittest.TestCase): def test_named_expression_scope_01(self): code = """def spam(): (a := 5) print(a)""" with self.assertRaisesRegex(NameError, "name 'a' is not defined"): exec(code, {}, {}) def test_named_expression_scope_02(self): total = 0 partial_sums = [total := total + v for v in range(5)] self.assertEqual(partial_sums, [0, 1, 3, 6, 10]) self.assertEqual(total, 10) def test_named_expression_scope_03(self): containsOne = any((lastNum := num) == 1 for num in [1, 2, 3]) self.assertTrue(containsOne) self.assertEqual(lastNum, 1) def test_named_expression_scope_04(self): def spam(a): return a res = [[y := spam(x), x/y] for x in range(1, 5)] self.assertEqual(y, 4) def test_named_expression_scope_05(self): def spam(a): return a input_data = [1, 2, 3] res = [(x, y, x/y) for x in input_data if (y := spam(x)) > 0] self.assertEqual(res, [(1, 1, 1.0), (2, 2, 1.0), (3, 3, 1.0)]) self.assertEqual(y, 3) def test_named_expression_scope_06(self): res = [[spam := i for i in range(3)] for j in range(2)] self.assertEqual(res, [[0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 2]]) self.assertEqual(spam, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_07(self): len(lines := [1, 2]) self.assertEqual(lines, [1, 2]) def test_named_expression_scope_08(self): def spam(a): return a def eggs(b): return b * 2 res = [spam(a := eggs(b := h)) for h in range(2)] self.assertEqual(res, [0, 2]) self.assertEqual(a, 2) self.assertEqual(b, 1) def test_named_expression_scope_09(self): def spam(a): return a def eggs(b): return b * 2 res = [spam(a := eggs(a := h)) for h in range(2)] self.assertEqual(res, [0, 2]) self.assertEqual(a, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_10(self): res = [b := [a := 1 for i in range(2)] for j in range(2)] self.assertEqual(res, [[1, 1], [1, 1]]) self.assertEqual(a, 1) self.assertEqual(b, [1, 1]) def test_named_expression_scope_11(self): res = [j := i for i in range(5)] self.assertEqual(res, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]) self.assertEqual(j, 4) def test_named_expression_scope_17(self): b = 0 res = [b := i + b for i in range(5)] self.assertEqual(res, [0, 1, 3, 6, 10]) self.assertEqual(b, 10) def test_named_expression_scope_18(self): def spam(a): return a res = spam(b := 2) self.assertEqual(res, 2) self.assertEqual(b, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_19(self): def spam(a): return a res = spam((b := 2)) self.assertEqual(res, 2) self.assertEqual(b, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_20(self): def spam(a): return a res = spam(a=(b := 2)) self.assertEqual(res, 2) self.assertEqual(b, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_21(self): def spam(a, b): return a + b res = spam(c := 2, b=1) self.assertEqual(res, 3) self.assertEqual(c, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_22(self): def spam(a, b): return a + b res = spam((c := 2), b=1) self.assertEqual(res, 3) self.assertEqual(c, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_23(self): def spam(a, b): return a + b res = spam(b=(c := 2), a=1) self.assertEqual(res, 3) self.assertEqual(c, 2) def test_named_expression_scope_24(self): a = 10 def spam(): nonlocal a (a := 20) spam() self.assertEqual(a, 20) def test_named_expression_scope_25(self): ns = {} code = """a = 10 def spam(): global a (a := 20) spam()""" exec(code, ns, {}) self.assertEqual(ns["a"], 20) def test_named_expression_variable_reuse_in_comprehensions(self): # The compiler is expected to raise syntax error for comprehension # iteration variables, but should be fine with rebinding of other # names (e.g. globals, nonlocals, other assignment expressions) # The cases are all defined to produce the same expected result # Each comprehension is checked at both function scope and module scope rebinding = "[x := i for i in range(3) if (x := i) or not x]" filter_ref = "[x := i for i in range(3) if x or not x]" body_ref = "[x for i in range(3) if (x := i) or not x]" nested_ref = "[j for i in range(3) if x or not x for j in range(3) if (x := i)][:-3]" cases = [ ("Rebind global", f"x = 1; result = {rebinding}"), ("Rebind nonlocal", f"result, x = (lambda x=1: ({rebinding}, x))()"), ("Filter global", f"x = 1; result = {filter_ref}"), ("Filter nonlocal", f"result, x = (lambda x=1: ({filter_ref}, x))()"), ("Body global", f"x = 1; result = {body_ref}"), ("Body nonlocal", f"result, x = (lambda x=1: ({body_ref}, x))()"), ("Nested global", f"x = 1; result = {nested_ref}"), ("Nested nonlocal", f"result, x = (lambda x=1: ({nested_ref}, x))()"), ] for case, code in cases: with self.subTest(case=case): ns = {} exec(code, ns) self.assertEqual(ns["x"], 2) self.assertEqual(ns["result"], [0, 1, 2]) def test_named_expression_global_scope(self): sentinel = object() global GLOBAL_VAR def f(): global GLOBAL_VAR [GLOBAL_VAR := sentinel for _ in range(1)] self.assertEqual(GLOBAL_VAR, sentinel) try: f() self.assertEqual(GLOBAL_VAR, sentinel) finally: GLOBAL_VAR = None def test_named_expression_global_scope_no_global_keyword(self): sentinel = object() def f(): GLOBAL_VAR = None [GLOBAL_VAR := sentinel for _ in range(1)] self.assertEqual(GLOBAL_VAR, sentinel) f() self.assertEqual(GLOBAL_VAR, None) def test_named_expression_nonlocal_scope(self): sentinel = object() def f(): nonlocal_var = None def g(): nonlocal nonlocal_var [nonlocal_var := sentinel for _ in range(1)] g() self.assertEqual(nonlocal_var, sentinel) f() def test_named_expression_nonlocal_scope_no_nonlocal_keyword(self): sentinel = object() def f(): nonlocal_var = None def g(): [nonlocal_var := sentinel for _ in range(1)] g() self.assertEqual(nonlocal_var, None) f() def test_named_expression_scope_in_genexp(self): a = 1 b = [1, 2, 3, 4] genexp = (c := i + a for i in b) self.assertNotIn("c", locals()) for idx, elem in enumerate(genexp): self.assertEqual(elem, b[idx] + a) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main()