"""Open an arbitrary URL. See the following document for more info on URLs: "Names and Addresses, URIs, URLs, URNs, URCs", at http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/Addressing/Overview.html See also the HTTP spec (from which the error codes are derived): "HTTP - Hypertext Transfer Protocol", at http://www.w3.org/pub/WWW/Protocols/ Related standards and specs: - RFC1808: the "relative URL" spec. (authoritative status) - RFC1738 - the "URL standard". (authoritative status) - RFC1630 - the "URI spec". (informational status) The object returned by URLopener().open(file) will differ per protocol. All you know is that is has methods read(), readline(), readlines(), fileno(), close() and info(). The read*(), fileno() and close() methods work like those of open files. The info() method returns a mimetools.Message object which can be used to query various info about the object, if available. (mimetools.Message objects are queried with the getheader() method.) """ import string import socket import os import stat import time import sys import types __all__ = ["urlopen", "URLopener", "FancyURLopener", "urlretrieve", "urlcleanup", "quote", "quote_plus", "unquote", "unquote_plus", "urlencode", "url2pathname", "pathname2url", "splittag", "localhost", "thishost", "ftperrors", "basejoin", "unwrap", "splittype", "splithost", "splituser", "splitpasswd", "splitport", "splitnport", "splitquery", "splitattr", "splitvalue", "splitgophertype", "getproxies"] __version__ = '1.15' # XXX This version is not always updated :-( MAXFTPCACHE = 10 # Trim the ftp cache beyond this size # Helper for non-unix systems if os.name == 'mac': from macurl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url elif os.name == 'nt': from nturl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url elif os.name == 'riscos': from rourl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url else: def url2pathname(pathname): return unquote(pathname) def pathname2url(pathname): return quote(pathname) # This really consists of two pieces: # (1) a class which handles opening of all sorts of URLs # (plus assorted utilities etc.) # (2) a set of functions for parsing URLs # XXX Should these be separated out into different modules? # Shortcut for basic usage _urlopener = None def urlopen(url, data=None): """urlopen(url [, data]) -> open file-like object""" global _urlopener if not _urlopener: _urlopener = FancyURLopener() if data is None: return _urlopener.open(url) else: return _urlopener.open(url, data) def urlretrieve(url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None): global _urlopener if not _urlopener: _urlopener = FancyURLopener() return _urlopener.retrieve(url, filename, reporthook, data) def urlcleanup(): if _urlopener: _urlopener.cleanup() ftpcache = {} class URLopener: """Class to open URLs. This is a class rather than just a subroutine because we may need more than one set of global protocol-specific options. Note -- this is a base class for those who don't want the automatic handling of errors type 302 (relocated) and 401 (authorization needed).""" __tempfiles = None version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__ # Constructor def __init__(self, proxies=None, **x509): if proxies is None: proxies = getproxies() assert hasattr(proxies, 'has_key'), "proxies must be a mapping" self.proxies = proxies self.key_file = x509.get('key_file') self.cert_file = x509.get('cert_file') self.addheaders = [('User-agent', self.version)] self.__tempfiles = [] self.__unlink = os.unlink # See cleanup() self.tempcache = None # Undocumented feature: if you assign {} to tempcache, # it is used to cache files retrieved with # self.retrieve(). This is not enabled by default # since it does not work for changing documents (and I # haven't got the logic to check expiration headers # yet). self.ftpcache = ftpcache # Undocumented feature: you can use a different # ftp cache by assigning to the .ftpcache member; # in case you want logically independent URL openers # XXX This is not threadsafe. Bah. def __del__(self): self.close() def close(self): self.cleanup() def cleanup(self): # This code sometimes runs when the rest of this module # has already been deleted, so it can't use any globals # or import anything. if self.__tempfiles: for file in self.__tempfiles: try: self.__unlink(file) except OSError: pass del self.__tempfiles[:] if self.tempcache: self.tempcache.clear() def addheader(self, *args): """Add a header to be used by the HTTP interface only e.g. u.addheader('Accept', 'sound/basic')""" self.addheaders.append(args) # External interface def open(self, fullurl, data=None): """Use URLopener().open(file) instead of open(file, 'r').""" fullurl = unwrap(toBytes(fullurl)) if self.tempcache and self.tempcache.has_key(fullurl): filename, headers = self.tempcache[fullurl] fp = open(filename, 'rb') return addinfourl(fp, headers, fullurl) urltype, url = splittype(fullurl) if not urltype: urltype = 'file' if self.proxies.has_key(urltype): proxy = self.proxies[urltype] urltype, proxyhost = splittype(proxy) host, selector = splithost(proxyhost) url = (host, fullurl) # Signal special case to open_*() else: proxy = None name = 'open_' + urltype self.type = urltype if '-' in name: # replace - with _ name = '_'.join(name.split('-')) if not hasattr(self, name): if proxy: return self.open_unknown_proxy(proxy, fullurl, data) else: return self.open_unknown(fullurl, data) try: if data is None: return getattr(self, name)(url) else: return getattr(self, name)(url, data) except socket.error, msg: raise IOError, ('socket error', msg), sys.exc_info()[2] def open_unknown(self, fullurl, data=None): """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type.""" type, url = splittype(fullurl) raise IOError, ('url error', 'unknown url type', type) def open_unknown_proxy(self, proxy, fullurl, data=None): """Overridable interface to open unknown URL type.""" type, url = splittype(fullurl) raise IOError, ('url error', 'invalid proxy for %s' % type, proxy) # External interface def retrieve(self, url, filename=None, reporthook=None, data=None): """retrieve(url) returns (filename, None) for a local object or (tempfilename, headers) for a remote object.""" url = unwrap(toBytes(url)) if self.tempcache and self.tempcache.has_key(url): return self.tempcache[url] type, url1 = splittype(url) if not filename and (not type or type == 'file'): try: fp = self.open_local_file(url1) hdrs = fp.info() del fp return url2pathname(splithost(url1)[1]), hdrs except IOError, msg: pass fp = self.open(url, data) headers = fp.info() if not filename: import tempfile garbage, path = splittype(url) garbage, path = splithost(path or "") path, garbage = splitquery(path or "") path, garbage = splitattr(path or "") suffix = os.path.splitext(path)[1] filename = tempfile.mktemp(suffix) self.__tempfiles.append(filename) result = filename, headers if self.tempcache is not None: self.tempcache[url] = result tfp = open(filename, 'wb') bs = 1024*8 size = -1 blocknum = 1 if reporthook: if headers.has_key("content-length"): size = int(headers["Content-Length"]) reporthook(0, bs, size) block = fp.read(bs) if reporthook: reporthook(1, bs, size) while block: tfp.write(block) block = fp.read(bs) blocknum = blocknum + 1 if reporthook: reporthook(blocknum, bs, size) fp.close() tfp.close() del fp del tfp return result # Each method named open_ knows how to open that type of URL def open_http(self, url, data=None): """Use HTTP protocol.""" import httplib user_passwd = None if type(url) is types.StringType: host, selector = splithost(url) if host: user_passwd, host = splituser(host) host = unquote(host) realhost = host else: host, selector = url urltype, rest = splittype(selector) url = rest user_passwd = None if urltype.lower() != 'http': realhost = None else: realhost, rest = splithost(rest) if realhost: user_passwd, realhost = splituser(realhost) if user_passwd: selector = "%s://%s%s" % (urltype, realhost, rest) if proxy_bypass(realhost): host = realhost #print "proxy via http:", host, selector if not host: raise IOError, ('http error', 'no host given') if user_passwd: import base64 auth = base64.encodestring(user_passwd).strip() else: auth = None h = httplib.HTTP(host) if data is not None: h.putrequest('POST', selector) h.putheader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded') h.putheader('Content-length', '%d' % len(data)) else: h.putrequest('GET', selector) if auth: h.putheader('Authorization', 'Basic %s' % auth) if realhost: h.putheader('Host', realhost) for args in self.addheaders: apply(h.putheader, args) h.endheaders() if data is not None: h.send(data) errcode, errmsg, headers = h.getreply() fp = h.getfile() if errcode == 200: return addinfourl(fp, headers, "http:" + url) else: if data is None: return self.http_error(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) else: return self.http_error(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) def http_error(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Handle http errors. Derived class can override this, or provide specific handlers named http_error_DDD where DDD is the 3-digit error code.""" # First check if there's a specific handler for this error name = 'http_error_%d' % errcode if hasattr(self, name): method = getattr(self, name) if data is None: result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) else: result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) if result: return result return self.http_error_default(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers): """Default error handler: close the connection and raise IOError.""" void = fp.read() fp.close() raise IOError, ('http error', errcode, errmsg, headers) if hasattr(socket, "ssl"): def open_https(self, url, data=None): """Use HTTPS protocol.""" import httplib user_passwd = None if type(url) is types.StringType: host, selector = splithost(url) if host: user_passwd, host = splituser(host) host = unquote(host) realhost = host else: host, selector = url urltype, rest = splittype(selector) url = rest user_passwd = None if urltype.lower() != 'https': realhost = None else: realhost, rest = splithost(rest) if realhost: user_passwd, realhost = splituser(realhost) if user_passwd: selector = "%s://%s%s" % (urltype, realhost, rest) #print "proxy via https:", host, selector if not host: raise IOError, ('https error', 'no host given') if user_passwd: import base64 auth = base64.encodestring(user_passwd).strip() else: auth = None h = httplib.HTTPS(host, 0, key_file=self.key_file, cert_file=self.cert_file) if data is not None: h.putrequest('POST', selector) h.putheader('Content-type', 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded') h.putheader('Content-length', '%d' % len(data)) else: h.putrequest('GET', selector) if auth: h.putheader('Authorization: Basic %s' % auth) if realhost: h.putheader('Host', realhost) for args in self.addheaders: apply(h.putheader, args) h.endheaders() if data is not None: h.send(data) errcode, errmsg, headers = h.getreply() fp = h.getfile() if errcode == 200: return addinfourl(fp, headers, url) else: if data is None: return self.http_error(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) else: return self.http_error(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) def open_gopher(self, url): """Use Gopher protocol.""" import gopherlib host, selector = splithost(url) if not host: raise IOError, ('gopher error', 'no host given') host = unquote(host) type, selector = splitgophertype(selector) selector, query = splitquery(selector) selector = unquote(selector) if query: query = unquote(query) fp = gopherlib.send_query(selector, query, host) else: fp = gopherlib.send_selector(selector, host) return addinfourl(fp, noheaders(), "gopher:" + url) def open_file(self, url): """Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL.""" if url[:2] == '//' and url[2:3] != '/': return self.open_ftp(url) else: return self.open_local_file(url) def open_local_file(self, url): """Use local file.""" import mimetypes, mimetools, rfc822, StringIO host, file = splithost(url) localname = url2pathname(file) stats = os.stat(localname) size = stats[stat.ST_SIZE] modified = rfc822.formatdate(stats[stat.ST_MTIME]) mtype = mimetypes.guess_type(url)[0] headers = mimetools.Message(StringIO.StringIO( 'Content-Type: %s\nContent-Length: %d\nLast-modified: %s\n' % (mtype or 'text/plain', size, modified))) if not host: urlfile = file if file[:1] == '/': urlfile = 'file://' + file return addinfourl(open(localname, 'rb'), headers, urlfile) host, port = splitport(host) if not port \ and socket.gethostbyname(host) in (localhost(), thishost()): urlfile = file if file[:1] == '/': urlfile = 'file://' + file return addinfourl(open(localname, 'rb'), headers, urlfile) raise IOError, ('local file error', 'not on local host') def open_ftp(self, url): """Use FTP protocol.""" import mimetypes, mimetools, StringIO host, path = splithost(url) if not host: raise IOError, ('ftp error', 'no host given') host, port = splitport(host) user, host = splituser(host) if user: user, passwd = splitpasswd(user) else: passwd = None host = unquote(host) user = unquote(user or '') passwd = unquote(passwd or '') host = socket.gethostbyname(host) if not port: import ftplib port = ftplib.FTP_PORT else: port = int(port) path, attrs = splitattr(path) path = unquote(path) dirs = path.split('/') dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1] if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs = dirs[1:] if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs[0] = '/' key = user, host, port, '/'.join(dirs) # XXX thread unsafe! if len(self.ftpcache) > MAXFTPCACHE: # Prune the cache, rather arbitrarily for k in self.ftpcache.keys(): if k != key: v = self.ftpcache[k] del self.ftpcache[k] v.close() try: if not self.ftpcache.has_key(key): self.ftpcache[key] = \ ftpwrapper(user, passwd, host, port, dirs) if not file: type = 'D' else: type = 'I' for attr in attrs: attr, value = splitvalue(attr) if attr.lower() == 'type' and \ value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'): type = value.upper() (fp, retrlen) = self.ftpcache[key].retrfile(file, type) mtype = mimetypes.guess_type("ftp:" + url)[0] headers = "" if mtype: headers += "Content-Type: %s\n" % mtype if retrlen is not None and retrlen >= 0: headers += "Content-Length: %d\n" % retrlen headers = mimetools.Message(StringIO.StringIO(headers)) return addinfourl(fp, headers, "ftp:" + url) except ftperrors(), msg: raise IOError, ('ftp error', msg), sys.exc_info()[2] def open_data(self, url, data=None): """Use "data" URL.""" # ignore POSTed data # # syntax of data URLs: # dataurl := "data:" [ mediatype ] [ ";base64" ] "," data # mediatype := [ type "/" subtype ] *( ";" parameter ) # data := *urlchar # parameter := attribute "=" value import StringIO, mimetools, time try: [type, data] = url.split(',', 1) except ValueError: raise IOError, ('data error', 'bad data URL') if not type: type = 'text/plain;charset=US-ASCII' semi = type.rfind(';') if semi >= 0 and '=' not in type[semi:]: encoding = type[semi+1:] type = type[:semi] else: encoding = '' msg = [] msg.append('Date: %s'%time.strftime('%a, %d %b %Y %T GMT', time.gmtime(time.time()))) msg.append('Content-type: %s' % type) if encoding == 'base64': import base64 data = base64.decodestring(data) else: data = unquote(data) msg.append('Content-length: %d' % len(data)) msg.append('') msg.append(data) msg = '\n'.join(msg) f = StringIO.StringIO(msg) headers = mimetools.Message(f, 0) f.fileno = None # needed for addinfourl return addinfourl(f, headers, url) class FancyURLopener(URLopener): """Derived class with handlers for errors we can handle (perhaps).""" def __init__(self, *args): apply(URLopener.__init__, (self,) + args) self.auth_cache = {} self.tries = 0 self.maxtries = 10 def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers): """Default error handling -- don't raise an exception.""" return addinfourl(fp, headers, "http:" + url) def http_error_302(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Error 302 -- relocated (temporarily).""" self.tries += 1 if self.maxtries and self.tries >= self.maxtries: if hasattr(self, "http_error_500"): meth = self.http_error_500 else: meth = self.http_error_default self.tries = 0 return meth(url, fp, 500, "Internal Server Error: Redirect Recursion", headers) result = self.redirect_internal(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) self.tries = 0 return result def redirect_internal(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data): if headers.has_key('location'): newurl = headers['location'] elif headers.has_key('uri'): newurl = headers['uri'] else: return void = fp.read() fp.close() # In case the server sent a relative URL, join with original: newurl = basejoin(self.type + ":" + url, newurl) if data is None: return self.open(newurl) else: return self.open(newurl, data) def http_error_301(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Error 301 -- also relocated (permanently).""" return self.http_error_302(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data) def http_error_401(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers, data=None): """Error 401 -- authentication required. See this URL for a description of the basic authentication scheme: http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/http/draft-ietf-http-v10-spec-00.txt""" if not headers.has_key('www-authenticate'): URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) stuff = headers['www-authenticate'] import re match = re.match('[ \t]*([^ \t]+)[ \t]+realm="([^"]*)"', stuff) if not match: URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) scheme, realm = match.groups() if scheme.lower() != 'basic': URLopener.http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers) name = 'retry_' + self.type + '_basic_auth' if data is None: return getattr(self,name)(url, realm) else: return getattr(self,name)(url, realm, data) def retry_http_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None): host, selector = splithost(url) i = host.find('@') + 1 host = host[i:] user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i) if not (user or passwd): return None host = quote(user, safe='') + ':' + quote(passwd, safe='') + '@' + host newurl = 'http://' + host + selector if data is None: return self.open(newurl) else: return self.open(newurl, data) def retry_https_basic_auth(self, url, realm, data=None): host, selector = splithost(url) i = host.find('@') + 1 host = host[i:] user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i) if not (user or passwd): return None host = quote(user, safe='') + ':' + quote(passwd, safe='') + '@' + host newurl = '//' + host + selector return self.open_https(newurl, data) def get_user_passwd(self, host, realm, clear_cache = 0): key = realm + '@' + host.lower() if self.auth_cache.has_key(key): if clear_cache: del self.auth_cache[key] else: return self.auth_cache[key] user, passwd = self.prompt_user_passwd(host, realm) if user or passwd: self.auth_cache[key] = (user, passwd) return user, passwd def prompt_user_passwd(self, host, realm): """Override this in a GUI environment!""" import getpass try: user = raw_input("Enter username for %s at %s: " % (realm, host)) passwd = getpass.getpass("Enter password for %s in %s at %s: " % (user, realm, host)) return user, passwd except KeyboardInterrupt: print return None, None # Utility functions _localhost = None def localhost(): """Return the IP address of the magic hostname 'localhost'.""" global _localhost if not _localhost: _localhost = socket.gethostbyname('localhost') return _localhost _thishost = None def thishost(): """Return the IP address of the current host.""" global _thishost if not _thishost: _thishost = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname()) return _thishost _ftperrors = None def ftperrors(): """Return the set of errors raised by the FTP class.""" global _ftperrors if not _ftperrors: import ftplib _ftperrors = ftplib.all_errors return _ftperrors _noheaders = None def noheaders(): """Return an empty mimetools.Message object.""" global _noheaders if not _noheaders: import mimetools import StringIO _noheaders = mimetools.Message(StringIO.StringIO(), 0) _noheaders.fp.close() # Recycle file descriptor return _noheaders # Utility classes class ftpwrapper: """Class used by open_ftp() for cache of open FTP connections.""" def __init__(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs): self.user = user self.passwd = passwd self.host = host self.port = port self.dirs = dirs self.init() def init(self): import ftplib self.busy = 0 self.ftp = ftplib.FTP() self.ftp.connect(self.host, self.port) self.ftp.login(self.user, self.passwd) for dir in self.dirs: self.ftp.cwd(dir) def retrfile(self, file, type): import ftplib self.endtransfer() if type in ('d', 'D'): cmd = 'TYPE A'; isdir = 1 else: cmd = 'TYPE ' + type; isdir = 0 try: self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd) except ftplib.all_errors: self.init() self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd) conn = None if file and not isdir: # Use nlst to see if the file exists at all try: self.ftp.nlst(file) except ftplib.error_perm, reason: raise IOError, ('ftp error', reason), sys.exc_info()[2] # Restore the transfer mode! self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd) # Try to retrieve as a file try: cmd = 'RETR ' + file conn = self.ftp.ntransfercmd(cmd) except ftplib.error_perm, reason: if str(reason)[:3] != '550': raise IOError, ('ftp error', reason), sys.exc_info()[2] if not conn: # Set transfer mode to ASCII! self.ftp.voidcmd('TYPE A') # Try a directory listing if file: cmd = 'LIST ' + file else: cmd = 'LIST' conn = self.ftp.ntransfercmd(cmd) self.busy = 1 # Pass back both a suitably decorated object and a retrieval length return (addclosehook(conn[0].makefile('rb'), self.endtransfer), conn[1]) def endtransfer(self): if not self.busy: return self.busy = 0 try: self.ftp.voidresp() except ftperrors(): pass def close(self): self.endtransfer() try: self.ftp.close() except ftperrors(): pass class addbase: """Base class for addinfo and addclosehook.""" def __init__(self, fp): self.fp = fp self.read = self.fp.read self.readline = self.fp.readline if hasattr(self.fp, "readlines"): self.readlines = self.fp.readlines if hasattr(self.fp, "fileno"): self.fileno = self.fp.fileno def __repr__(self): return '<%s at %s whose fp = %s>' % (self.__class__.__name__, `id(self)`, `self.fp`) def close(self): self.read = None self.readline = None self.readlines = None self.fileno = None if self.fp: self.fp.close() self.fp = None class addclosehook(addbase): """Class to add a close hook to an open file.""" def __init__(self, fp, closehook, *hookargs): addbase.__init__(self, fp) self.closehook = closehook self.hookargs = hookargs def close(self): addbase.close(self) if self.closehook: apply(self.closehook, self.hookargs) self.closehook = None self.hookargs = None class addinfo(addbase): """class to add an info() method to an open file.""" def __init__(self, fp, headers): addbase.__init__(self, fp) self.headers = headers def info(self): return self.headers class addinfourl(addbase): """class to add info() and geturl() methods to an open file.""" def __init__(self, fp, headers, url): addbase.__init__(self, fp) self.headers = headers self.url = url def info(self): return self.headers def geturl(self): return self.url def basejoin(base, url): """Utility to combine a URL with a base URL to form a new URL.""" type, path = splittype(url) if type: # if url is complete (i.e., it contains a type), return it return url host, path = splithost(path) type, basepath = splittype(base) # inherit type from base if host: # if url contains host, just inherit type if type: return type + '://' + host + path else: # no type inherited, so url must have started with // # just return it return url host, basepath = splithost(basepath) # inherit host basepath, basetag = splittag(basepath) # remove extraneous cruft basepath, basequery = splitquery(basepath) # idem if path[:1] != '/': # non-absolute path name if path[:1] in ('#', '?'): # path is just a tag or query, attach to basepath i = len(basepath) else: # else replace last component i = basepath.rfind('/') if i < 0: # basepath not absolute if host: # host present, make absolute basepath = '/' else: # else keep non-absolute basepath = '' else: # remove last file component basepath = basepath[:i+1] # Interpret ../ (important because of symlinks) while basepath and path[:3] == '../': path = path[3:] i = basepath[:-1].rfind('/') if i > 0: basepath = basepath[:i+1] elif i == 0: basepath = '/' break else: basepath = '' path = basepath + path if host and path and path[0] != '/': path = '/' + path if type and host: return type + '://' + host + path elif type: return type + ':' + path elif host: return '//' + host + path # don't know what this means else: return path # Utilities to parse URLs (most of these return None for missing parts): # unwrap('') --> 'type://host/path' # splittype('type:opaquestring') --> 'type', 'opaquestring' # splithost('//host[:port]/path') --> 'host[:port]', '/path' # splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]' # splitpasswd('user:passwd') -> 'user', 'passwd' # splitport('host:port') --> 'host', 'port' # splitquery('/path?query') --> '/path', 'query' # splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag' # splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2;...') -> # '/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2', ...] # splitvalue('attr=value') --> 'attr', 'value' # splitgophertype('/Xselector') --> 'X', 'selector' # unquote('abc%20def') -> 'abc def' # quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def') def toBytes(url): """toBytes(u"URL") --> 'URL'.""" # Most URL schemes require ASCII. If that changes, the conversion # can be relaxed if type(url) is types.UnicodeType: try: url = url.encode("ASCII") except UnicodeError: raise UnicodeError("URL " + repr(url) + " contains non-ASCII characters") return url def unwrap(url): """unwrap('') --> 'type://host/path'.""" url = url.strip() if url[:1] == '<' and url[-1:] == '>': url = url[1:-1].strip() if url[:4] == 'URL:': url = url[4:].strip() return url _typeprog = None def splittype(url): """splittype('type:opaquestring') --> 'type', 'opaquestring'.""" global _typeprog if _typeprog is None: import re _typeprog = re.compile('^([^/:]+):') match = _typeprog.match(url) if match: scheme = match.group(1) return scheme.lower(), url[len(scheme) + 1:] return None, url _hostprog = None def splithost(url): """splithost('//host[:port]/path') --> 'host[:port]', '/path'.""" global _hostprog if _hostprog is None: import re _hostprog = re.compile('^//([^/]*)(.*)$') match = _hostprog.match(url) if match: return match.group(1, 2) return None, url _userprog = None def splituser(host): """splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'.""" global _userprog if _userprog is None: import re _userprog = re.compile('^([^@]*)@(.*)$') match = _userprog.match(host) if match: return map(unquote, match.group(1, 2)) return None, host _passwdprog = None def splitpasswd(user): """splitpasswd('user:passwd') -> 'user', 'passwd'.""" global _passwdprog if _passwdprog is None: import re _passwdprog = re.compile('^([^:]*):(.*)$') match = _passwdprog.match(user) if match: return match.group(1, 2) return user, None # splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag' _portprog = None def splitport(host): """splitport('host:port') --> 'host', 'port'.""" global _portprog if _portprog is None: import re _portprog = re.compile('^(.*):([0-9]+)$') match = _portprog.match(host) if match: return match.group(1, 2) return host, None _nportprog = None def splitnport(host, defport=-1): """Split host and port, returning numeric port. Return given default port if no ':' found; defaults to -1. Return numerical port if a valid number are found after ':'. Return None if ':' but not a valid number.""" global _nportprog if _nportprog is None: import re _nportprog = re.compile('^(.*):(.*)$') match = _nportprog.match(host) if match: host, port = match.group(1, 2) try: if not port: raise ValueError, "no digits" nport = int(port) except ValueError: nport = None return host, nport return host, defport _queryprog = None def splitquery(url): """splitquery('/path?query') --> '/path', 'query'.""" global _queryprog if _queryprog is None: import re _queryprog = re.compile('^(.*)\?([^?]*)$') match = _queryprog.match(url) if match: return match.group(1, 2) return url, None _tagprog = None def splittag(url): """splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'.""" global _tagprog if _tagprog is None: import re _tagprog = re.compile('^(.*)#([^#]*)$') match = _tagprog.match(url) if match: return match.group(1, 2) return url, None def splitattr(url): """splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2;...') -> '/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2', ...].""" words = url.split(';') return words[0], words[1:] _valueprog = None def splitvalue(attr): """splitvalue('attr=value') --> 'attr', 'value'.""" global _valueprog if _valueprog is None: import re _valueprog = re.compile('^([^=]*)=(.*)$') match = _valueprog.match(attr) if match: return match.group(1, 2) return attr, None def splitgophertype(selector): """splitgophertype('/Xselector') --> 'X', 'selector'.""" if selector[:1] == '/' and selector[1:2]: return selector[1], selector[2:] return None, selector def unquote(s): """unquote('abc%20def') -> 'abc def'.""" mychr = chr myatoi = int list = s.split('%') res = [list[0]] myappend = res.append del list[0] for item in list: if item[1:2]: try: myappend(mychr(myatoi(item[:2], 16)) + item[2:]) except ValueError: myappend('%' + item) else: myappend('%' + item) return "".join(res) def unquote_plus(s): """unquote('%7e/abc+def') -> '~/abc def'""" if '+' in s: # replace '+' with ' ' s = ' '.join(s.split('+')) return unquote(s) always_safe = ('ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' '0123456789' '_.-') _fast_safe_test = always_safe + '/' _fast_safe = None def _fast_quote(s): global _fast_safe if _fast_safe is None: _fast_safe = {} for c in _fast_safe_test: _fast_safe[c] = c res = list(s) for i in range(len(res)): c = res[i] if not _fast_safe.has_key(c): res[i] = '%%%02X' % ord(c) return ''.join(res) def quote(s, safe = '/'): """quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def' Each part of a URL, e.g. the path info, the query, etc., has a different set of reserved characters that must be quoted. RFC 2396 Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax lists the following reserved characters. reserved = ";" | "/" | "?" | ":" | "@" | "&" | "=" | "+" | "$" | "," Each of these characters is reserved in some component of a URL, but not necessarily in all of them. By default, the quote function is intended for quoting the path section of a URL. Thus, it will not encode '/'. This character is reserved, but in typical usage the quote function is being called on a path where the existing slash characters are used as reserved characters. """ safe = always_safe + safe if _fast_safe_test == safe: return _fast_quote(s) res = list(s) for i in range(len(res)): c = res[i] if c not in safe: res[i] = '%%%02X' % ord(c) return ''.join(res) def quote_plus(s, safe = ''): """Quote the query fragment of a URL; replacing ' ' with '+'""" if ' ' in s: l = s.split(' ') for i in range(len(l)): l[i] = quote(l[i], safe) return '+'.join(l) else: return quote(s, safe) def urlencode(query,doseq=0): """Encode a sequence of two-element tuples or dictionary into a URL query string. If any values in the query arg are sequences and doseq is true, each sequence element is converted to a separate parameter. If the query arg is a sequence of two-element tuples, the order of the parameters in the output will match the order of parameters in the input. """ if hasattr(query,"items"): # mapping objects query = query.items() else: # it's a bother at times that strings and string-like objects are # sequences... try: # non-sequence items should not work with len() x = len(query) # non-empty strings will fail this if len(query) and type(query[0]) != types.TupleType: raise TypeError # zero-length sequences of all types will get here and succeed, # but that's a minor nit - since the original implementation # allowed empty dicts that type of behavior probably should be # preserved for consistency except TypeError: ty,va,tb = sys.exc_info() raise TypeError, "not a valid non-string sequence or mapping object", tb l = [] if not doseq: # preserve old behavior for k, v in query: k = quote_plus(str(k)) v = quote_plus(str(v)) l.append(k + '=' + v) else: for k, v in query: k = quote_plus(str(k)) if type(v) == types.StringType: v = quote_plus(v) l.append(k + '=' + v) elif type(v) == types.UnicodeType: # is there a reasonable way to convert to ASCII? # encode generates a string, but "replace" or "ignore" # lose information and "strict" can raise UnicodeError v = quote_plus(v.encode("ASCII","replace")) l.append(k + '=' + v) else: try: # is this a sufficient test for sequence-ness? x = len(v) except TypeError: # not a sequence v = quote_plus(str(v)) l.append(k + '=' + v) else: # loop over the sequence for elt in v: l.append(k + '=' + quote_plus(str(elt))) return '&'.join(l) # Proxy handling def getproxies_environment(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. Scan the environment for variables named _proxy; this seems to be the standard convention. If you need a different way, you can pass a proxies dictionary to the [Fancy]URLopener constructor. """ proxies = {} for name, value in os.environ.items(): name = name.lower() if value and name[-6:] == '_proxy': proxies[name[:-6]] = value return proxies if os.name == 'mac': def getproxies(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. By convention the mac uses Internet Config to store proxies. An HTTP proxy, for instance, is stored under the HttpProxy key. """ try: import ic except ImportError: return {} try: config = ic.IC() except ic.error: return {} proxies = {} # HTTP: if config.has_key('UseHTTPProxy') and config['UseHTTPProxy']: try: value = config['HTTPProxyHost'] except ic.error: pass else: proxies['http'] = 'http://%s' % value # FTP: XXXX To be done. # Gopher: XXXX To be done. return proxies def proxy_bypass(x): return 0 elif os.name == 'nt': def getproxies_registry(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. Win32 uses the registry to store proxies. """ proxies = {} try: import _winreg except ImportError: # Std module, so should be around - but you never know! return proxies try: internetSettings = _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings') proxyEnable = _winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyEnable')[0] if proxyEnable: # Returned as Unicode but problems if not converted to ASCII proxyServer = str(_winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyServer')[0]) if '=' in proxyServer: # Per-protocol settings for p in proxyServer.split(';'): protocol, address = p.split('=', 1) proxies[protocol] = '%s://%s' % (protocol, address) else: # Use one setting for all protocols if proxyServer[:5] == 'http:': proxies['http'] = proxyServer else: proxies['http'] = 'http://%s' % proxyServer proxies['ftp'] = 'ftp://%s' % proxyServer internetSettings.Close() except (WindowsError, ValueError, TypeError): # Either registry key not found etc, or the value in an # unexpected format. # proxies already set up to be empty so nothing to do pass return proxies def getproxies(): """Return a dictionary of scheme -> proxy server URL mappings. Returns settings gathered from the environment, if specified, or the registry. """ return getproxies_environment() or getproxies_registry() def proxy_bypass(host): try: import _winreg import re import socket except ImportError: # Std modules, so should be around - but you never know! return 0 try: internetSettings = _winreg.OpenKey(_winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Internet Settings') proxyEnable = _winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyEnable')[0] proxyOverride = str(_winreg.QueryValueEx(internetSettings, 'ProxyOverride')[0]) # ^^^^ Returned as Unicode but problems if not converted to ASCII except WindowsError: return 0 if not proxyEnable or not proxyOverride: return 0 # try to make a host list from name and IP address. host = [host] try: addr = socket.gethostbyname(host[0]) if addr != host: host.append(addr) except socket.error: pass # make a check value list from the registry entry: replace the # '' string by the localhost entry and the corresponding # canonical entry. proxyOverride = proxyOverride.split(';') i = 0 while i < len(proxyOverride): if proxyOverride[i] == '': proxyOverride[i:i+1] = ['localhost', '127.0.0.1', socket.gethostname(), socket.gethostbyname( socket.gethostname())] i += 1 # print proxyOverride # now check if we match one of the registry values. for test in proxyOverride: test = test.replace(".", r"\.") # mask dots test = test.replace("*", r".*") # change glob sequence test = test.replace("?", r".") # change glob char for val in host: # print "%s <--> %s" %( test, val ) if re.match(test, val, re.I): return 1 return 0 else: # By default use environment variables getproxies = getproxies_environment def proxy_bypass(host): return 0 # Test and time quote() and unquote() def test1(): import time s = '' for i in range(256): s = s + chr(i) s = s*4 t0 = time.time() qs = quote(s) uqs = unquote(qs) t1 = time.time() if uqs != s: print 'Wrong!' print `s` print `qs` print `uqs` print round(t1 - t0, 3), 'sec' def reporthook(blocknum, blocksize, totalsize): # Report during remote transfers print "Block number: %d, Block size: %d, Total size: %d" % ( blocknum, blocksize, totalsize) # Test program def test(args=[]): if not args: args = [ '/etc/passwd', 'file:/etc/passwd', 'file://localhost/etc/passwd', 'ftp://ftp.python.org/etc/passwd', ## 'gopher://gopher.micro.umn.edu/1/', 'http://www.python.org/index.html', ] if hasattr(URLopener, "open_https"): args.append('https://synergy.as.cmu.edu/~geek/') try: for url in args: print '-'*10, url, '-'*10 fn, h = urlretrieve(url, None, reporthook) print fn if h: print '======' for k in h.keys(): print k + ':', h[k] print '======' fp = open(fn, 'rb') data = fp.read() del fp if '\r' in data: table = string.maketrans("", "") data = data.translate(table, "\r") print data fn, h = None, None print '-'*40 finally: urlcleanup() def main(): import getopt, sys try: opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], "th") except getopt.error, msg: print msg print "Use -h for help" return t = 0 for o, a in opts: if o == '-t': t = t + 1 if o == '-h': print "Usage: python urllib.py [-t] [url ...]" print "-t runs self-test;", print "otherwise, contents of urls are printed" return if t: if t > 1: test1() test(args) else: if not args: print "Use -h for help" for url in args: print urlopen(url).read(), # Run test program when run as a script if __name__ == '__main__': main()