# subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams # # For more information about this module, see PEP 324. # # Copyright (c) 2003-2005 by Peter Astrand # # Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement. # See http://www.python.org/2.4/license for licensing details. r"""subprocess - Subprocesses with accessible I/O streams This module allows you to spawn processes, connect to their input/output/error pipes, and obtain their return codes. This module intends to replace several older modules and functions: os.system os.spawn* Information about how the subprocess module can be used to replace these modules and functions can be found below. Using the subprocess module =========================== This module defines one class called Popen: class Popen(args, bufsize=-1, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=True, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0, restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False, pass_fds=()): Arguments are: args should be a string, or a sequence of program arguments. The program to execute is normally the first item in the args sequence or string, but can be explicitly set by using the executable argument. On POSIX, with shell=False (default): In this case, the Popen class uses os.execvp() to execute the child program. args should normally be a sequence. A string will be treated as a sequence with the string as the only item (the program to execute). On POSIX, with shell=True: If args is a string, it specifies the command string to execute through the shell. If args is a sequence, the first item specifies the command string, and any additional items will be treated as additional shell arguments. On Windows: the Popen class uses CreateProcess() to execute the child program, which operates on strings. If args is a sequence, it will be converted to a string using the list2cmdline method. Please note that not all MS Windows applications interpret the command line the same way: The list2cmdline is designed for applications using the same rules as the MS C runtime. bufsize will be supplied as the corresponding argument to the io.open() function when creating the stdin/stdout/stderr pipe file objects: 0 means unbuffered (read & write are one system call and can return short), 1 means line buffered, any other positive value means use a buffer of approximately that size. A negative bufsize, the default, means the system default of io.DEFAULT_BUFFER_SIZE will be used. stdin, stdout and stderr specify the executed programs' standard input, standard output and standard error file handles, respectively. Valid values are PIPE, an existing file descriptor (a positive integer), an existing file object, and None. PIPE indicates that a new pipe to the child should be created. With None, no redirection will occur; the child's file handles will be inherited from the parent. Additionally, stderr can be STDOUT, which indicates that the stderr data from the applications should be captured into the same file handle as for stdout. On POSIX, if preexec_fn is set to a callable object, this object will be called in the child process just before the child is executed. The use of preexec_fn is not thread safe, using it in the presence of threads could lead to a deadlock in the child process before the new executable is executed. If close_fds is true, all file descriptors except 0, 1 and 2 will be closed before the child process is executed. The default for close_fds varies by platform: Always true on POSIX. True when stdin/stdout/stderr are None on Windows, false otherwise. pass_fds is an optional sequence of file descriptors to keep open between the parent and child. Providing any pass_fds implicitly sets close_fds to true. if shell is true, the specified command will be executed through the shell. If cwd is not None, the current directory will be changed to cwd before the child is executed. On POSIX, if restore_signals is True all signals that Python sets to SIG_IGN are restored to SIG_DFL in the child process before the exec. Currently this includes the SIGPIPE, SIGXFZ and SIGXFSZ signals. This parameter does nothing on Windows. On POSIX, if start_new_session is True, the setsid() system call will be made in the child process prior to executing the command. If env is not None, it defines the environment variables for the new process. If universal_newlines is False, the file objects stdin, stdout and stderr are opened as binary files, and no line ending conversion is done. If universal_newlines is True, the file objects stdout and stderr are opened as a text file, but lines may be terminated by any of '\n', the Unix end-of-line convention, '\r', the old Macintosh convention or '\r\n', the Windows convention. All of these external representations are seen as '\n' by the Python program. Also, the newlines attribute of the file objects stdout, stdin and stderr are not updated by the communicate() method. In either case, the process being communicated with should start up expecting to receive bytes on its standard input and decode them with the same encoding they are sent in. The startupinfo and creationflags, if given, will be passed to the underlying CreateProcess() function. They can specify things such as appearance of the main window and priority for the new process. (Windows only) This module also defines some shortcut functions: call(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete, then return the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: >>> retcode = subprocess.call(["ls", "-l"]) check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: >>> subprocess.check_call(["ls", "-l"]) 0 getstatusoutput(cmd): Return (status, output) of executing cmd in a shell. Execute the string 'cmd' in a shell with 'check_output' and return a 2-tuple (status, output). Universal newlines mode is used, meaning that the result with be decoded to a string. A trailing newline is stripped from the output. The exit status for the command can be interpreted according to the rules for the function 'wait'. Example: >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls') (0, '/bin/ls') >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('cat /bin/junk') (256, 'cat: /bin/junk: No such file or directory') >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/junk') (256, 'sh: /bin/junk: not found') getoutput(cmd): Return output (stdout or stderr) of executing cmd in a shell. Like getstatusoutput(), except the exit status is ignored and the return value is a string containing the command's output. Example: >>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls') '/bin/ls' check_output(*popenargs, **kwargs): Run command with arguments and return its output. If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute and output in the output attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: >>> output = subprocess.check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"]) There is an additional optional argument, "input", allowing you to pass a string to the subprocess's stdin. If you use this argument you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument. If universal_newlines is set to True, the "input" argument must be a string rather than bytes, and the return value will be a string. Exceptions ---------- Exceptions raised in the child process, before the new program has started to execute, will be re-raised in the parent. Additionally, the exception object will have one extra attribute called 'child_traceback', which is a string containing traceback information from the child's point of view. The most common exception raised is OSError. This occurs, for example, when trying to execute a non-existent file. Applications should prepare for OSErrors. A ValueError will be raised if Popen is called with invalid arguments. Exceptions defined within this module inherit from SubprocessError. check_call() and check_output() will raise CalledProcessError if the called process returns a non-zero return code. TimeoutExpired be raised if a timeout was specified and expired. Security -------- Unlike some other popen functions, this implementation will never call /bin/sh implicitly. This means that all characters, including shell metacharacters, can safely be passed to child processes. Popen objects ============= Instances of the Popen class have the following methods: poll() Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. wait() Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute. communicate(input=None) Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional input argument should be data to be sent to the child process, or None, if no data should be sent to the child. If the Popen instance was constructed with universal_newlines set to True, the input argument should be a string and will be encoded using the preferred system encoding (see locale.getpreferredencoding); if universal_newlines is False, the input argument should be a byte string. communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr). Note: The data read is buffered in memory, so do not use this method if the data size is large or unlimited. The following attributes are also available: stdin If the stdin argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides input to the child process. Otherwise, it is None. stdout If the stdout argument is PIPE, this attribute is a file object that provides output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None. stderr If the stderr argument is PIPE, this attribute is file object that provides error output from the child process. Otherwise, it is None. pid The process ID of the child process. returncode The child return code. A None value indicates that the process hasn't terminated yet. A negative value -N indicates that the child was terminated by signal N (POSIX only). Replacing older functions with the subprocess module ==================================================== In this section, "a ==> b" means that b can be used as a replacement for a. Note: All functions in this section fail (more or less) silently if the executed program cannot be found; this module raises an OSError exception. In the following examples, we assume that the subprocess module is imported with "from subprocess import *". Replacing /bin/sh shell backquote --------------------------------- output=`mycmd myarg` ==> output = Popen(["mycmd", "myarg"], stdout=PIPE).communicate()[0] Replacing shell pipe line ------------------------- output=`dmesg | grep hda` ==> p1 = Popen(["dmesg"], stdout=PIPE) p2 = Popen(["grep", "hda"], stdin=p1.stdout, stdout=PIPE) output = p2.communicate()[0] Replacing os.system() --------------------- sts = os.system("mycmd" + " myarg") ==> p = Popen("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) pid, sts = os.waitpid(p.pid, 0) Note: * Calling the program through the shell is usually not required. * It's easier to look at the returncode attribute than the exitstatus. A more real-world example would look like this: try: retcode = call("mycmd" + " myarg", shell=True) if retcode < 0: print("Child was terminated by signal", -retcode, file=sys.stderr) else: print("Child returned", retcode, file=sys.stderr) except OSError as e: print("Execution failed:", e, file=sys.stderr) Replacing os.spawn* ------------------- P_NOWAIT example: pid = os.spawnlp(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> pid = Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]).pid P_WAIT example: retcode = os.spawnlp(os.P_WAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg") ==> retcode = call(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"]) Vector example: os.spawnvp(os.P_NOWAIT, path, args) ==> Popen([path] + args[1:]) Environment example: os.spawnlpe(os.P_NOWAIT, "/bin/mycmd", "mycmd", "myarg", env) ==> Popen(["/bin/mycmd", "myarg"], env={"PATH": "/usr/bin"}) """ import sys mswindows = (sys.platform == "win32") import io import os import time import signal import builtins import warnings import errno try: from time import monotonic as _time except ImportError: from time import time as _time # Exception classes used by this module. class SubprocessError(Exception): pass class CalledProcessError(SubprocessError): """This exception is raised when a process run by check_call() or check_output() returns a non-zero exit status. The exit status will be stored in the returncode attribute; check_output() will also store the output in the output attribute. """ def __init__(self, returncode, cmd, output=None): self.returncode = returncode self.cmd = cmd self.output = output def __str__(self): return "Command '%s' returned non-zero exit status %d" % (self.cmd, self.returncode) class TimeoutExpired(SubprocessError): """This exception is raised when the timeout expires while waiting for a child process. """ def __init__(self, cmd, timeout, output=None): self.cmd = cmd self.timeout = timeout self.output = output def __str__(self): return ("Command '%s' timed out after %s seconds" % (self.cmd, self.timeout)) if mswindows: import threading import msvcrt import _winapi class STARTUPINFO: dwFlags = 0 hStdInput = None hStdOutput = None hStdError = None wShowWindow = 0 else: import _posixsubprocess import select import selectors # When select or poll has indicated that the file is writable, # we can write up to _PIPE_BUF bytes without risk of blocking. # POSIX defines PIPE_BUF as >= 512. _PIPE_BUF = getattr(select, 'PIPE_BUF', 512) # poll/select have the advantage of not requiring any extra file # descriptor, contrarily to epoll/kqueue (also, they require a single # syscall). if hasattr(selectors, 'PollSelector'): _PopenSelector = selectors.PollSelector else: _PopenSelector = selectors.SelectSelector __all__ = ["Popen", "PIPE", "STDOUT", "call", "check_call", "getstatusoutput", "getoutput", "check_output", "CalledProcessError", "DEVNULL"] if mswindows: from _winapi import (CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE, CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP, STD_INPUT_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE, STD_ERROR_HANDLE, SW_HIDE, STARTF_USESTDHANDLES, STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW) __all__.extend(["CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE", "CREATE_NEW_PROCESS_GROUP", "STD_INPUT_HANDLE", "STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE", "STD_ERROR_HANDLE", "SW_HIDE", "STARTF_USESTDHANDLES", "STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW"]) class Handle(int): closed = False def Close(self, CloseHandle=_winapi.CloseHandle): if not self.closed: self.closed = True CloseHandle(self) def Detach(self): if not self.closed: self.closed = True return int(self) raise ValueError("already closed") def __repr__(self): return "Handle(%d)" % int(self) __del__ = Close __str__ = __repr__ try: MAXFD = os.sysconf("SC_OPEN_MAX") except: MAXFD = 256 # This lists holds Popen instances for which the underlying process had not # exited at the time its __del__ method got called: those processes are wait()ed # for synchronously from _cleanup() when a new Popen object is created, to avoid # zombie processes. _active = [] def _cleanup(): for inst in _active[:]: res = inst._internal_poll(_deadstate=sys.maxsize) if res is not None: try: _active.remove(inst) except ValueError: # This can happen if two threads create a new Popen instance. # It's harmless that it was already removed, so ignore. pass PIPE = -1 STDOUT = -2 DEVNULL = -3 def _eintr_retry_call(func, *args): while True: try: return func(*args) except InterruptedError: continue # XXX This function is only used by multiprocessing and the test suite, # but it's here so that it can be imported when Python is compiled without # threads. def _args_from_interpreter_flags(): """Return a list of command-line arguments reproducing the current settings in sys.flags and sys.warnoptions.""" flag_opt_map = { 'debug': 'd', # 'inspect': 'i', # 'interactive': 'i', 'optimize': 'O', 'dont_write_bytecode': 'B', 'no_user_site': 's', 'no_site': 'S', 'ignore_environment': 'E', 'verbose': 'v', 'bytes_warning': 'b', 'quiet': 'q', 'hash_randomization': 'R', } args = [] for flag, opt in flag_opt_map.items(): v = getattr(sys.flags, flag) if v > 0: if flag == 'hash_randomization': v = 1 # Handle specification of an exact seed args.append('-' + opt * v) for opt in sys.warnoptions: args.append('-W' + opt) return args def call(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs): """Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete or timeout, then return the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: retcode = call(["ls", "-l"]) """ with Popen(*popenargs, **kwargs) as p: try: return p.wait(timeout=timeout) except: p.kill() p.wait() raise def check_call(*popenargs, **kwargs): """Run command with arguments. Wait for command to complete. If the exit code was zero then return, otherwise raise CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute. The arguments are the same as for the call function. Example: check_call(["ls", "-l"]) """ retcode = call(*popenargs, **kwargs) if retcode: cmd = kwargs.get("args") if cmd is None: cmd = popenargs[0] raise CalledProcessError(retcode, cmd) return 0 def check_output(*popenargs, timeout=None, **kwargs): r"""Run command with arguments and return its output. If the exit code was non-zero it raises a CalledProcessError. The CalledProcessError object will have the return code in the returncode attribute and output in the output attribute. The arguments are the same as for the Popen constructor. Example: >>> check_output(["ls", "-l", "/dev/null"]) b'crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 18 2007 /dev/null\n' The stdout argument is not allowed as it is used internally. To capture standard error in the result, use stderr=STDOUT. >>> check_output(["/bin/sh", "-c", ... "ls -l non_existent_file ; exit 0"], ... stderr=STDOUT) b'ls: non_existent_file: No such file or directory\n' There is an additional optional argument, "input", allowing you to pass a string to the subprocess's stdin. If you use this argument you may not also use the Popen constructor's "stdin" argument, as it too will be used internally. Example: >>> check_output(["sed", "-e", "s/foo/bar/"], ... input=b"when in the course of fooman events\n") b'when in the course of barman events\n' If universal_newlines=True is passed, the "input" argument must be a string and the return value will be a string rather than bytes. """ if 'stdout' in kwargs: raise ValueError('stdout argument not allowed, it will be overridden.') if 'input' in kwargs: if 'stdin' in kwargs: raise ValueError('stdin and input arguments may not both be used.') inputdata = kwargs['input'] del kwargs['input'] kwargs['stdin'] = PIPE else: inputdata = None with Popen(*popenargs, stdout=PIPE, **kwargs) as process: try: output, unused_err = process.communicate(inputdata, timeout=timeout) except TimeoutExpired: process.kill() output, unused_err = process.communicate() raise TimeoutExpired(process.args, timeout, output=output) except: process.kill() process.wait() raise retcode = process.poll() if retcode: raise CalledProcessError(retcode, process.args, output=output) return output def list2cmdline(seq): """ Translate a sequence of arguments into a command line string, using the same rules as the MS C runtime: 1) Arguments are delimited by white space, which is either a space or a tab. 2) A string surrounded by double quotation marks is interpreted as a single argument, regardless of white space contained within. A quoted string can be embedded in an argument. 3) A double quotation mark preceded by a backslash is interpreted as a literal double quotation mark. 4) Backslashes are interpreted literally, unless they immediately precede a double quotation mark. 5) If backslashes immediately precede a double quotation mark, every pair of backslashes is interpreted as a literal backslash. If the number of backslashes is odd, the last backslash escapes the next double quotation mark as described in rule 3. """ # See # http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/17w5ykft.aspx # or search http://msdn.microsoft.com for # "Parsing C++ Command-Line Arguments" result = [] needquote = False for arg in seq: bs_buf = [] # Add a space to separate this argument from the others if result: result.append(' ') needquote = (" " in arg) or ("\t" in arg) or not arg if needquote: result.append('"') for c in arg: if c == '\\': # Don't know if we need to double yet. bs_buf.append(c) elif c == '"': # Double backslashes. result.append('\\' * len(bs_buf)*2) bs_buf = [] result.append('\\"') else: # Normal char if bs_buf: result.extend(bs_buf) bs_buf = [] result.append(c) # Add remaining backslashes, if any. if bs_buf: result.extend(bs_buf) if needquote: result.extend(bs_buf) result.append('"') return ''.join(result) # Various tools for executing commands and looking at their output and status. # def getstatusoutput(cmd): """ Return (status, output) of executing cmd in a shell. Execute the string 'cmd' in a shell with 'check_output' and return a 2-tuple (status, output). Universal newlines mode is used, meaning that the result with be decoded to a string. A trailing newline is stripped from the output. The exit status for the command can be interpreted according to the rules for the function 'wait'. Example: >>> import subprocess >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('ls /bin/ls') (0, '/bin/ls') >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('cat /bin/junk') (256, 'cat: /bin/junk: No such file or directory') >>> subprocess.getstatusoutput('/bin/junk') (256, 'sh: /bin/junk: not found') """ try: data = check_output(cmd, shell=True, universal_newlines=True, stderr=STDOUT) status = 0 except CalledProcessError as ex: data = ex.output status = ex.returncode if data[-1:] == '\n': data = data[:-1] return status, data def getoutput(cmd): """Return output (stdout or stderr) of executing cmd in a shell. Like getstatusoutput(), except the exit status is ignored and the return value is a string containing the command's output. Example: >>> import subprocess >>> subprocess.getoutput('ls /bin/ls') '/bin/ls' """ return getstatusoutput(cmd)[1] _PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS = object() class Popen(object): _child_created = False # Set here since __del__ checks it def __init__(self, args, bufsize=-1, executable=None, stdin=None, stdout=None, stderr=None, preexec_fn=None, close_fds=_PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS, shell=False, cwd=None, env=None, universal_newlines=False, startupinfo=None, creationflags=0, restore_signals=True, start_new_session=False, pass_fds=()): """Create new Popen instance.""" _cleanup() self._input = None self._communication_started = False if bufsize is None: bufsize = -1 # Restore default if not isinstance(bufsize, int): raise TypeError("bufsize must be an integer") if mswindows: if preexec_fn is not None: raise ValueError("preexec_fn is not supported on Windows " "platforms") any_stdio_set = (stdin is not None or stdout is not None or stderr is not None) if close_fds is _PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS: if any_stdio_set: close_fds = False else: close_fds = True elif close_fds and any_stdio_set: raise ValueError( "close_fds is not supported on Windows platforms" " if you redirect stdin/stdout/stderr") else: # POSIX if close_fds is _PLATFORM_DEFAULT_CLOSE_FDS: close_fds = True if pass_fds and not close_fds: warnings.warn("pass_fds overriding close_fds.", RuntimeWarning) close_fds = True if startupinfo is not None: raise ValueError("startupinfo is only supported on Windows " "platforms") if creationflags != 0: raise ValueError("creationflags is only supported on Windows " "platforms") self.args = args self.stdin = None self.stdout = None self.stderr = None self.pid = None self.returncode = None self.universal_newlines = universal_newlines # Input and output objects. The general principle is like # this: # # Parent Child # ------ ----- # p2cwrite ---stdin---> p2cread # c2pread <--stdout--- c2pwrite # errread <--stderr--- errwrite # # On POSIX, the child objects are file descriptors. On # Windows, these are Windows file handles. The parent objects # are file descriptors on both platforms. The parent objects # are -1 when not using PIPEs. The child objects are -1 # when not redirecting. (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) = self._get_handles(stdin, stdout, stderr) # We wrap OS handles *before* launching the child, otherwise a # quickly terminating child could make our fds unwrappable # (see #8458). if mswindows: if p2cwrite != -1: p2cwrite = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(p2cwrite.Detach(), 0) if c2pread != -1: c2pread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(c2pread.Detach(), 0) if errread != -1: errread = msvcrt.open_osfhandle(errread.Detach(), 0) if p2cwrite != -1: self.stdin = io.open(p2cwrite, 'wb', bufsize) if universal_newlines: self.stdin = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stdin, write_through=True) if c2pread != -1: self.stdout = io.open(c2pread, 'rb', bufsize) if universal_newlines: self.stdout = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stdout) if errread != -1: self.stderr = io.open(errread, 'rb', bufsize) if universal_newlines: self.stderr = io.TextIOWrapper(self.stderr) self._closed_child_pipe_fds = False try: self._execute_child(args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, start_new_session) except: # Cleanup if the child failed starting. for f in filter(None, (self.stdin, self.stdout, self.stderr)): try: f.close() except OSError: pass # Ignore EBADF or other errors. if not self._closed_child_pipe_fds: to_close = [] if stdin == PIPE: to_close.append(p2cread) if stdout == PIPE: to_close.append(c2pwrite) if stderr == PIPE: to_close.append(errwrite) if hasattr(self, '_devnull'): to_close.append(self._devnull) for fd in to_close: try: os.close(fd) except OSError: pass raise def _translate_newlines(self, data, encoding): data = data.decode(encoding) return data.replace("\r\n", "\n").replace("\r", "\n") def __enter__(self): return self def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback): if self.stdout: self.stdout.close() if self.stderr: self.stderr.close() if self.stdin: self.stdin.close() # Wait for the process to terminate, to avoid zombies. self.wait() def __del__(self, _maxsize=sys.maxsize): if not self._child_created: # We didn't get to successfully create a child process. return # In case the child hasn't been waited on, check if it's done. self._internal_poll(_deadstate=_maxsize) if self.returncode is None and _active is not None: # Child is still running, keep us alive until we can wait on it. _active.append(self) def _get_devnull(self): if not hasattr(self, '_devnull'): self._devnull = os.open(os.devnull, os.O_RDWR) return self._devnull def communicate(self, input=None, timeout=None): """Interact with process: Send data to stdin. Read data from stdout and stderr, until end-of-file is reached. Wait for process to terminate. The optional "input" argument should be data to be sent to the child process (if self.universal_newlines is True, this should be a string; if it is False, "input" should be bytes), or None, if no data should be sent to the child. communicate() returns a tuple (stdout, stderr). These will be bytes or, if self.universal_newlines was True, a string. """ if self._communication_started and input: raise ValueError("Cannot send input after starting communication") # Optimization: If we are not worried about timeouts, we haven't # started communicating, and we have one or zero pipes, using select() # or threads is unnecessary. if (timeout is None and not self._communication_started and [self.stdin, self.stdout, self.stderr].count(None) >= 2): stdout = None stderr = None if self.stdin: if input: try: self.stdin.write(input) except OSError as e: if e.errno != errno.EPIPE and e.errno != errno.EINVAL: raise self.stdin.close() elif self.stdout: stdout = _eintr_retry_call(self.stdout.read) self.stdout.close() elif self.stderr: stderr = _eintr_retry_call(self.stderr.read) self.stderr.close() self.wait() else: if timeout is not None: endtime = _time() + timeout else: endtime = None try: stdout, stderr = self._communicate(input, endtime, timeout) finally: self._communication_started = True sts = self.wait(timeout=self._remaining_time(endtime)) return (stdout, stderr) def poll(self): return self._internal_poll() def _remaining_time(self, endtime): """Convenience for _communicate when computing timeouts.""" if endtime is None: return None else: return endtime - _time() def _check_timeout(self, endtime, orig_timeout): """Convenience for checking if a timeout has expired.""" if endtime is None: return if _time() > endtime: raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, orig_timeout) if mswindows: # # Windows methods # def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr): """Construct and return tuple with IO objects: p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite """ if stdin is None and stdout is None and stderr is None: return (-1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1) p2cread, p2cwrite = -1, -1 c2pread, c2pwrite = -1, -1 errread, errwrite = -1, -1 if stdin is None: p2cread = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_INPUT_HANDLE) if p2cread is None: p2cread, _ = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0) p2cread = Handle(p2cread) _winapi.CloseHandle(_) elif stdin == PIPE: p2cread, p2cwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0) p2cread, p2cwrite = Handle(p2cread), Handle(p2cwrite) elif stdin == DEVNULL: p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull()) elif isinstance(stdin, int): p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin) else: # Assuming file-like object p2cread = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdin.fileno()) p2cread = self._make_inheritable(p2cread) if stdout is None: c2pwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE) if c2pwrite is None: _, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0) c2pwrite = Handle(c2pwrite) _winapi.CloseHandle(_) elif stdout == PIPE: c2pread, c2pwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0) c2pread, c2pwrite = Handle(c2pread), Handle(c2pwrite) elif stdout == DEVNULL: c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull()) elif isinstance(stdout, int): c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout) else: # Assuming file-like object c2pwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stdout.fileno()) c2pwrite = self._make_inheritable(c2pwrite) if stderr is None: errwrite = _winapi.GetStdHandle(_winapi.STD_ERROR_HANDLE) if errwrite is None: _, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0) errwrite = Handle(errwrite) _winapi.CloseHandle(_) elif stderr == PIPE: errread, errwrite = _winapi.CreatePipe(None, 0) errread, errwrite = Handle(errread), Handle(errwrite) elif stderr == STDOUT: errwrite = c2pwrite elif stderr == DEVNULL: errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(self._get_devnull()) elif isinstance(stderr, int): errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr) else: # Assuming file-like object errwrite = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(stderr.fileno()) errwrite = self._make_inheritable(errwrite) return (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) def _make_inheritable(self, handle): """Return a duplicate of handle, which is inheritable""" h = _winapi.DuplicateHandle( _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(), handle, _winapi.GetCurrentProcess(), 0, 1, _winapi.DUPLICATE_SAME_ACCESS) return Handle(h) def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, unused_restore_signals, unused_start_new_session): """Execute program (MS Windows version)""" assert not pass_fds, "pass_fds not supported on Windows." if not isinstance(args, str): args = list2cmdline(args) # Process startup details if startupinfo is None: startupinfo = STARTUPINFO() if -1 not in (p2cread, c2pwrite, errwrite): startupinfo.dwFlags |= _winapi.STARTF_USESTDHANDLES startupinfo.hStdInput = p2cread startupinfo.hStdOutput = c2pwrite startupinfo.hStdError = errwrite if shell: startupinfo.dwFlags |= _winapi.STARTF_USESHOWWINDOW startupinfo.wShowWindow = _winapi.SW_HIDE comspec = os.environ.get("COMSPEC", "cmd.exe") args = '{} /c "{}"'.format (comspec, args) # Start the process try: hp, ht, pid, tid = _winapi.CreateProcess(executable, args, # no special security None, None, int(not close_fds), creationflags, env, cwd, startupinfo) finally: # Child is launched. Close the parent's copy of those pipe # handles that only the child should have open. You need # to make sure that no handles to the write end of the # output pipe are maintained in this process or else the # pipe will not close when the child process exits and the # ReadFile will hang. if p2cread != -1: p2cread.Close() if c2pwrite != -1: c2pwrite.Close() if errwrite != -1: errwrite.Close() if hasattr(self, '_devnull'): os.close(self._devnull) # Retain the process handle, but close the thread handle self._child_created = True self._handle = Handle(hp) self.pid = pid _winapi.CloseHandle(ht) def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None, _WaitForSingleObject=_winapi.WaitForSingleObject, _WAIT_OBJECT_0=_winapi.WAIT_OBJECT_0, _GetExitCodeProcess=_winapi.GetExitCodeProcess): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. This method is called by __del__, so it can only refer to objects in its local scope. """ if self.returncode is None: if _WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, 0) == _WAIT_OBJECT_0: self.returncode = _GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle) return self.returncode def wait(self, timeout=None, endtime=None): """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.""" if endtime is not None: timeout = self._remaining_time(endtime) if timeout is None: timeout_millis = _winapi.INFINITE else: timeout_millis = int(timeout * 1000) if self.returncode is None: result = _winapi.WaitForSingleObject(self._handle, timeout_millis) if result == _winapi.WAIT_TIMEOUT: raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, timeout) self.returncode = _winapi.GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle) return self.returncode def _readerthread(self, fh, buffer): buffer.append(fh.read()) fh.close() def _communicate(self, input, endtime, orig_timeout): # Start reader threads feeding into a list hanging off of this # object, unless they've already been started. if self.stdout and not hasattr(self, "_stdout_buff"): self._stdout_buff = [] self.stdout_thread = \ threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread, args=(self.stdout, self._stdout_buff)) self.stdout_thread.daemon = True self.stdout_thread.start() if self.stderr and not hasattr(self, "_stderr_buff"): self._stderr_buff = [] self.stderr_thread = \ threading.Thread(target=self._readerthread, args=(self.stderr, self._stderr_buff)) self.stderr_thread.daemon = True self.stderr_thread.start() if self.stdin: if input is not None: try: self.stdin.write(input) except OSError as e: if e.errno == errno.EPIPE: # communicate() should ignore pipe full error pass elif (e.errno == errno.EINVAL and self.poll() is not None): # Issue #19612: stdin.write() fails with EINVAL # if the process already exited before the write pass else: raise self.stdin.close() # Wait for the reader threads, or time out. If we time out, the # threads remain reading and the fds left open in case the user # calls communicate again. if self.stdout is not None: self.stdout_thread.join(self._remaining_time(endtime)) if self.stdout_thread.is_alive(): raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, orig_timeout) if self.stderr is not None: self.stderr_thread.join(self._remaining_time(endtime)) if self.stderr_thread.is_alive(): raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, orig_timeout) # Collect the output from and close both pipes, now that we know # both have been read successfully. stdout = None stderr = None if self.stdout: stdout = self._stdout_buff self.stdout.close() if self.stderr: stderr = self._stderr_buff self.stderr.close() # All data exchanged. Translate lists into strings. if stdout is not None: stdout = stdout[0] if stderr is not None: stderr = stderr[0] return (stdout, stderr) def send_signal(self, sig): """Send a signal to the process """ if sig == signal.SIGTERM: self.terminate() elif sig == signal.CTRL_C_EVENT: os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_C_EVENT) elif sig == signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT: os.kill(self.pid, signal.CTRL_BREAK_EVENT) else: raise ValueError("Unsupported signal: {}".format(sig)) def terminate(self): """Terminates the process """ try: _winapi.TerminateProcess(self._handle, 1) except PermissionError: # ERROR_ACCESS_DENIED (winerror 5) is received when the # process already died. rc = _winapi.GetExitCodeProcess(self._handle) if rc == _winapi.STILL_ACTIVE: raise self.returncode = rc kill = terminate else: # # POSIX methods # def _get_handles(self, stdin, stdout, stderr): """Construct and return tuple with IO objects: p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite """ p2cread, p2cwrite = -1, -1 c2pread, c2pwrite = -1, -1 errread, errwrite = -1, -1 if stdin is None: pass elif stdin == PIPE: p2cread, p2cwrite = os.pipe() elif stdin == DEVNULL: p2cread = self._get_devnull() elif isinstance(stdin, int): p2cread = stdin else: # Assuming file-like object p2cread = stdin.fileno() if stdout is None: pass elif stdout == PIPE: c2pread, c2pwrite = os.pipe() elif stdout == DEVNULL: c2pwrite = self._get_devnull() elif isinstance(stdout, int): c2pwrite = stdout else: # Assuming file-like object c2pwrite = stdout.fileno() if stderr is None: pass elif stderr == PIPE: errread, errwrite = os.pipe() elif stderr == STDOUT: errwrite = c2pwrite elif stderr == DEVNULL: errwrite = self._get_devnull() elif isinstance(stderr, int): errwrite = stderr else: # Assuming file-like object errwrite = stderr.fileno() return (p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite) def _close_fds(self, fds_to_keep): start_fd = 3 for fd in sorted(fds_to_keep): if fd >= start_fd: os.closerange(start_fd, fd) start_fd = fd + 1 if start_fd <= MAXFD: os.closerange(start_fd, MAXFD) def _execute_child(self, args, executable, preexec_fn, close_fds, pass_fds, cwd, env, startupinfo, creationflags, shell, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, restore_signals, start_new_session): """Execute program (POSIX version)""" if isinstance(args, (str, bytes)): args = [args] else: args = list(args) if shell: args = ["/bin/sh", "-c"] + args if executable: args[0] = executable if executable is None: executable = args[0] orig_executable = executable # For transferring possible exec failure from child to parent. # Data format: "exception name:hex errno:description" # Pickle is not used; it is complex and involves memory allocation. errpipe_read, errpipe_write = os.pipe() # errpipe_write must not be in the standard io 0, 1, or 2 fd range. low_fds_to_close = [] while errpipe_write < 3: low_fds_to_close.append(errpipe_write) errpipe_write = os.dup(errpipe_write) for low_fd in low_fds_to_close: os.close(low_fd) try: try: # We must avoid complex work that could involve # malloc or free in the child process to avoid # potential deadlocks, thus we do all this here. # and pass it to fork_exec() if env is not None: env_list = [os.fsencode(k) + b'=' + os.fsencode(v) for k, v in env.items()] else: env_list = None # Use execv instead of execve. executable = os.fsencode(executable) if os.path.dirname(executable): executable_list = (executable,) else: # This matches the behavior of os._execvpe(). executable_list = tuple( os.path.join(os.fsencode(dir), executable) for dir in os.get_exec_path(env)) fds_to_keep = set(pass_fds) fds_to_keep.add(errpipe_write) self.pid = _posixsubprocess.fork_exec( args, executable_list, close_fds, sorted(fds_to_keep), cwd, env_list, p2cread, p2cwrite, c2pread, c2pwrite, errread, errwrite, errpipe_read, errpipe_write, restore_signals, start_new_session, preexec_fn) self._child_created = True finally: # be sure the FD is closed no matter what os.close(errpipe_write) # self._devnull is not always defined. devnull_fd = getattr(self, '_devnull', None) if p2cread != -1 and p2cwrite != -1 and p2cread != devnull_fd: os.close(p2cread) if c2pwrite != -1 and c2pread != -1 and c2pwrite != devnull_fd: os.close(c2pwrite) if errwrite != -1 and errread != -1 and errwrite != devnull_fd: os.close(errwrite) if devnull_fd is not None: os.close(devnull_fd) # Prevent a double close of these fds from __init__ on error. self._closed_child_pipe_fds = True # Wait for exec to fail or succeed; possibly raising an # exception (limited in size) errpipe_data = bytearray() while True: part = _eintr_retry_call(os.read, errpipe_read, 50000) errpipe_data += part if not part or len(errpipe_data) > 50000: break finally: # be sure the FD is closed no matter what os.close(errpipe_read) if errpipe_data: try: _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid, self.pid, 0) except OSError as e: if e.errno != errno.ECHILD: raise try: exception_name, hex_errno, err_msg = ( errpipe_data.split(b':', 2)) except ValueError: exception_name = b'SubprocessError' hex_errno = b'0' err_msg = (b'Bad exception data from child: ' + repr(errpipe_data)) child_exception_type = getattr( builtins, exception_name.decode('ascii'), SubprocessError) err_msg = err_msg.decode(errors="surrogatepass") if issubclass(child_exception_type, OSError) and hex_errno: errno_num = int(hex_errno, 16) child_exec_never_called = (err_msg == "noexec") if child_exec_never_called: err_msg = "" if errno_num != 0: err_msg = os.strerror(errno_num) if errno_num == errno.ENOENT: if child_exec_never_called: # The error must be from chdir(cwd). err_msg += ': ' + repr(cwd) else: err_msg += ': ' + repr(orig_executable) raise child_exception_type(errno_num, err_msg) raise child_exception_type(err_msg) def _handle_exitstatus(self, sts, _WIFSIGNALED=os.WIFSIGNALED, _WTERMSIG=os.WTERMSIG, _WIFEXITED=os.WIFEXITED, _WEXITSTATUS=os.WEXITSTATUS): # This method is called (indirectly) by __del__, so it cannot # refer to anything outside of its local scope. if _WIFSIGNALED(sts): self.returncode = -_WTERMSIG(sts) elif _WIFEXITED(sts): self.returncode = _WEXITSTATUS(sts) else: # Should never happen raise SubprocessError("Unknown child exit status!") def _internal_poll(self, _deadstate=None, _waitpid=os.waitpid, _WNOHANG=os.WNOHANG, _ECHILD=errno.ECHILD): """Check if child process has terminated. Returns returncode attribute. This method is called by __del__, so it cannot reference anything outside of the local scope (nor can any methods it calls). """ if self.returncode is None: try: pid, sts = _waitpid(self.pid, _WNOHANG) if pid == self.pid: self._handle_exitstatus(sts) except OSError as e: if _deadstate is not None: self.returncode = _deadstate elif e.errno == _ECHILD: # This happens if SIGCLD is set to be ignored or # waiting for child processes has otherwise been # disabled for our process. This child is dead, we # can't get the status. # http://bugs.python.org/issue15756 self.returncode = 0 return self.returncode def _try_wait(self, wait_flags): try: (pid, sts) = _eintr_retry_call(os.waitpid, self.pid, wait_flags) except OSError as e: if e.errno != errno.ECHILD: raise # This happens if SIGCLD is set to be ignored or waiting # for child processes has otherwise been disabled for our # process. This child is dead, we can't get the status. pid = self.pid sts = 0 return (pid, sts) def wait(self, timeout=None, endtime=None): """Wait for child process to terminate. Returns returncode attribute.""" if self.returncode is not None: return self.returncode # endtime is preferred to timeout. timeout is only used for # printing. if endtime is not None or timeout is not None: if endtime is None: endtime = _time() + timeout elif timeout is None: timeout = self._remaining_time(endtime) if endtime is not None: # Enter a busy loop if we have a timeout. This busy loop was # cribbed from Lib/threading.py in Thread.wait() at r71065. delay = 0.0005 # 500 us -> initial delay of 1 ms while True: (pid, sts) = self._try_wait(os.WNOHANG) assert pid == self.pid or pid == 0 if pid == self.pid: self._handle_exitstatus(sts) break remaining = self._remaining_time(endtime) if remaining <= 0: raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, timeout) delay = min(delay * 2, remaining, .05) time.sleep(delay) else: while self.returncode is None: (pid, sts) = self._try_wait(0) # Check the pid and loop as waitpid has been known to return # 0 even without WNOHANG in odd situations. issue14396. if pid == self.pid: self._handle_exitstatus(sts) return self.returncode def _communicate(self, input, endtime, orig_timeout): if self.stdin and not self._communication_started: # Flush stdio buffer. This might block, if the user has # been writing to .stdin in an uncontrolled fashion. self.stdin.flush() if not input: self.stdin.close() stdout = None stderr = None # Only create this mapping if we haven't already. if not self._communication_started: self._fileobj2output = {} if self.stdout: self._fileobj2output[self.stdout] = [] if self.stderr: self._fileobj2output[self.stderr] = [] if self.stdout: stdout = self._fileobj2output[self.stdout] if self.stderr: stderr = self._fileobj2output[self.stderr] self._save_input(input) if self._input: input_view = memoryview(self._input) with _PopenSelector() as selector: if self.stdin and input: selector.register(self.stdin, selectors.EVENT_WRITE) if self.stdout: selector.register(self.stdout, selectors.EVENT_READ) if self.stderr: selector.register(self.stderr, selectors.EVENT_READ) while selector.get_map(): timeout = self._remaining_time(endtime) if timeout is not None and timeout < 0: raise TimeoutExpired(self.args, orig_timeout) ready = selector.select(timeout) self._check_timeout(endtime, orig_timeout) # XXX Rewrite these to use non-blocking I/O on the file # objects; they are no longer using C stdio! for key, events in ready: if key.fileobj is self.stdin: chunk = input_view[self._input_offset : self._input_offset + _PIPE_BUF] try: self._input_offset += os.write(key.fd, chunk) except OSError as e: if e.errno == errno.EPIPE: selector.unregister(key.fileobj) key.fileobj.close() else: raise else: if self._input_offset >= len(self._input): selector.unregister(key.fileobj) key.fileobj.close() elif key.fileobj in (self.stdout, self.stderr): data = os.read(key.fd, 32768) if not data: selector.unregister(key.fileobj) key.fileobj.close() self._fileobj2output[key.fileobj].append(data) self.wait(timeout=self._remaining_time(endtime)) # All data exchanged. Translate lists into strings. if stdout is not None: stdout = b''.join(stdout) if stderr is not None: stderr = b''.join(stderr) # Translate newlines, if requested. # This also turns bytes into strings. if self.universal_newlines: if stdout is not None: stdout = self._translate_newlines(stdout, self.stdout.encoding) if stderr is not None: stderr = self._translate_newlines(stderr, self.stderr.encoding) return (stdout, stderr) def _save_input(self, input): # This method is called from the _communicate_with_*() methods # so that if we time out while communicating, we can continue # sending input if we retry. if self.stdin and self._input is None: self._input_offset = 0 self._input = input if self.universal_newlines and input is not None: self._input = self._input.encode(self.stdin.encoding) def send_signal(self, sig): """Send a signal to the process """ os.kill(self.pid, sig) def terminate(self): """Terminate the process with SIGTERM """ self.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM) def kill(self): """Kill the process with SIGKILL """ self.send_signal(signal.SIGKILL)