diff --git a/Modules/_abc.c b/Modules/_abc.c
index b22daa81e3a..e6e72427a04 100644
--- a/Modules/_abc.c
+++ b/Modules/_abc.c
@@ -524,8 +524,7 @@ _abc__abc_register_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *self, PyObject *subclass)
     }
     int result = PyObject_IsSubclass(subclass, self);
     if (result > 0) {
-        Py_INCREF(subclass);
-        return subclass;  /* Already a subclass. */
+        return Py_NewRef(subclass);  /* Already a subclass. */
     }
     if (result < 0) {
         return NULL;
@@ -561,8 +560,7 @@ _abc__abc_register_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *self, PyObject *subclass)
             set_collection_flag_recursive((PyTypeObject *)subclass, collection_flag);
         }
     }
-    Py_INCREF(subclass);
-    return subclass;
+    return Py_NewRef(subclass);
 }
 
 
@@ -598,8 +596,7 @@ _abc__abc_instancecheck_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *self,
         goto end;
     }
     if (incache > 0) {
-        result = Py_True;
-        Py_INCREF(result);
+        result = Py_NewRef(Py_True);
         goto end;
     }
     subtype = (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(instance);
@@ -610,8 +607,7 @@ _abc__abc_instancecheck_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *self,
                 goto end;
             }
             if (incache > 0) {
-                result = Py_False;
-                Py_INCREF(result);
+                result = Py_NewRef(Py_False);
                 goto end;
             }
         }
@@ -802,8 +798,7 @@ _abc__abc_subclasscheck_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *self,
 end:
     Py_DECREF(impl);
     Py_XDECREF(subclasses);
-    Py_XINCREF(result);
-    return result;
+    return Py_XNewRef(result);
 }
 
 
@@ -842,8 +837,7 @@ subclasscheck_check_registry(_abc_data *impl, PyObject *subclass,
     Py_ssize_t i = 0;
 
     while (_PySet_NextEntry(impl->_abc_registry, &pos, &key, &hash)) {
-        Py_INCREF(key);
-        copy[i++] = key;
+        copy[i++] = Py_NewRef(key);
     }
     assert(i == registry_size);
 
diff --git a/Modules/_collectionsmodule.c b/Modules/_collectionsmodule.c
index 741cfbe9dc6..f1fd271f6d2 100644
--- a/Modules/_collectionsmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_collectionsmodule.c
@@ -299,8 +299,7 @@ deque_append_internal(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *item, Py_ssize_t maxlen)
 static PyObject *
 deque_append(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *item)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(item);
-    if (deque_append_internal(deque, item, deque->maxlen) < 0)
+    if (deque_append_internal(deque, Py_NewRef(item), deque->maxlen) < 0)
         return NULL;
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
@@ -336,8 +335,7 @@ deque_appendleft_internal(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *item, Py_ssize_t maxlen)
 static PyObject *
 deque_appendleft(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *item)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(item);
-    if (deque_appendleft_internal(deque, item, deque->maxlen) < 0)
+    if (deque_appendleft_internal(deque, Py_NewRef(item), deque->maxlen) < 0)
         return NULL;
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
@@ -655,14 +653,12 @@ deque_inplace_repeat(dequeobject *deque, Py_ssize_t n)
 
     size = Py_SIZE(deque);
     if (size == 0 || n == 1) {
-        Py_INCREF(deque);
-        return (PyObject *)deque;
+        return Py_NewRef(deque);
     }
 
     if (n <= 0) {
         deque_clear(deque);
-        Py_INCREF(deque);
-        return (PyObject *)deque;
+        return Py_NewRef(deque);
     }
 
     if (size == 1) {
@@ -693,13 +689,11 @@ deque_inplace_repeat(dequeobject *deque, Py_ssize_t n)
             i += m;
             while (m--) {
                 deque->rightindex++;
-                Py_INCREF(item);
-                deque->rightblock->data[deque->rightindex] = item;
+                deque->rightblock->data[deque->rightindex] = Py_NewRef(item);
             }
         }
         Py_SET_SIZE(deque, Py_SIZE(deque) + i);
-        Py_INCREF(deque);
-        return (PyObject *)deque;
+        return Py_NewRef(deque);
     }
 
     if ((size_t)size > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX / (size_t)n) {
@@ -972,8 +966,7 @@ deque_count(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *v)
 
     while (--n >= 0) {
         CHECK_NOT_END(b);
-        item = b->data[index];
-        Py_INCREF(item);
+        item = Py_NewRef(b->data[index]);
         cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(item, v, Py_EQ);
         Py_DECREF(item);
         if (cmp < 0)
@@ -1011,8 +1004,7 @@ deque_contains(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *v)
 
     while (--n >= 0) {
         CHECK_NOT_END(b);
-        item = b->data[index];
-        Py_INCREF(item);
+        item = Py_NewRef(b->data[index]);
         cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(item, v, Py_EQ);
         Py_DECREF(item);
         if (cmp) {
@@ -1201,8 +1193,7 @@ deque_item(dequeobject *deque, Py_ssize_t i)
         }
     }
     item = b->data[i];
-    Py_INCREF(item);
-    return item;
+    return Py_NewRef(item);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1231,8 +1222,7 @@ deque_remove(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *value)
     int cmp, rv;
 
     for (i = 0 ; i < n; i++) {
-        item = b->data[index];
-        Py_INCREF(item);
+        item = Py_NewRef(b->data[index]);
         cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(item, value, Py_EQ);
         Py_DECREF(item);
         if (cmp < 0) {
@@ -1292,9 +1282,8 @@ deque_ass_item(dequeobject *deque, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v)
         while (--n >= 0)
             b = b->leftlink;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(v);
     old_value = b->data[i];
-    b->data[i] = v;
+    b->data[i] = Py_NewRef(v);
     Py_DECREF(old_value);
     return 0;
 }
@@ -1686,8 +1675,7 @@ deque_iter(dequeobject *deque)
         return NULL;
     it->b = deque->leftblock;
     it->index = deque->leftindex;
-    Py_INCREF(deque);
-    it->deque = deque;
+    it->deque = (dequeobject*)Py_NewRef(deque);
     it->state = deque->state;
     it->counter = Py_SIZE(deque);
     PyObject_GC_Track(it);
@@ -1734,8 +1722,7 @@ dequeiter_next(dequeiterobject *it)
         it->b = it->b->rightlink;
         it->index = 0;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(item);
-    return item;
+    return Py_NewRef(item);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1844,8 +1831,7 @@ deque_reviter(dequeobject *deque, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
         return NULL;
     it->b = deque->rightblock;
     it->index = deque->rightindex;
-    Py_INCREF(deque);
-    it->deque = deque;
+    it->deque = (dequeobject*)Py_NewRef(deque);
     it->state = deque->state;
     it->counter = Py_SIZE(deque);
     PyObject_GC_Track(it);
@@ -1876,8 +1862,7 @@ dequereviter_next(dequeiterobject *it)
         it->b = it->b->leftlink;
         it->index = BLOCKLEN - 1;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(item);
-    return item;
+    return Py_NewRef(item);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -2203,8 +2188,7 @@ defdict_init(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     }
     if (newargs == NULL)
         return -1;
-    Py_XINCREF(newdefault);
-    dd->default_factory = newdefault;
+    dd->default_factory = Py_XNewRef(newdefault);
     result = PyDict_Type.tp_init(self, newargs, kwds);
     Py_DECREF(newargs);
     Py_XDECREF(olddefault);
@@ -2414,8 +2398,7 @@ tuplegetter_new_impl(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t index, PyObject *doc)
         return NULL;
     }
     self->index = index;
-    Py_INCREF(doc);
-    self->doc = doc;
+    self->doc = Py_NewRef(doc);
     return (PyObject *)self;
 }
 
@@ -2426,13 +2409,11 @@ tuplegetter_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type)
     PyObject *result;
 
     if (obj == NULL) {
-        Py_INCREF(self);
-        return self;
+        return Py_NewRef(self);
     }
     if (!PyTuple_Check(obj)) {
         if (obj == Py_None) {
-            Py_INCREF(self);
-            return self;
+            return Py_NewRef(self);
         }
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                      "descriptor for index '%zd' for tuple subclasses "
@@ -2448,8 +2429,7 @@ tuplegetter_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type)
     }
 
     result = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(obj, index);
-    Py_INCREF(result);
-    return result;
+    return Py_NewRef(result);
 }
 
 static int
diff --git a/Modules/_csv.c b/Modules/_csv.c
index 25bf86f78e8..bd337084dbf 100644
--- a/Modules/_csv.c
+++ b/Modules/_csv.c
@@ -176,8 +176,7 @@ get_char_or_None(Py_UCS4 c)
 static PyObject *
 Dialect_get_lineterminator(DialectObj *self, void *Py_UNUSED(ignored))
 {
-    Py_XINCREF(self->lineterminator);
-    return self->lineterminator;
+    return Py_XNewRef(self->lineterminator);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -316,8 +315,7 @@ _set_str(const char *name, PyObject **target, PyObject *src, const char *dflt)
         else {
             if (PyUnicode_READY(src) == -1)
                 return -1;
-            Py_INCREF(src);
-            Py_XSETREF(*target, src);
+            Py_XSETREF(*target, Py_NewRef(src));
         }
     }
     return 0;
@@ -514,8 +512,7 @@ dialect_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
         goto err;
     }
 
-    ret = (PyObject *)self;
-    Py_INCREF(self);
+    ret = Py_NewRef(self);
 err:
     Py_CLEAR(self);
     Py_CLEAR(dialect);
diff --git a/Modules/_curses_panel.c b/Modules/_curses_panel.c
index 0b328f9665a..cd408d6aa35 100644
--- a/Modules/_curses_panel.c
+++ b/Modules/_curses_panel.c
@@ -261,8 +261,7 @@ PyCursesPanel_New(_curses_panel_state *state, PANEL *pan,
         Py_DECREF(po);
         return NULL;
     }
-    po->wo = wo;
-    Py_INCREF(wo);
+    po->wo = (PyCursesWindowObject*)Py_NewRef(wo);
     return (PyObject *)po;
 }
 
@@ -313,8 +312,7 @@ _curses_panel_panel_above_impl(PyCursesPanelObject *self)
                         "panel_above: can't find Panel Object");
         return NULL;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(po);
-    return (PyObject *)po;
+    return Py_NewRef(po);
 }
 
 /* panel_below(NULL) returns the top panel in the stack. To get
@@ -344,8 +342,7 @@ _curses_panel_panel_below_impl(PyCursesPanelObject *self)
                         "panel_below: can't find Panel Object");
         return NULL;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(po);
-    return (PyObject *)po;
+    return Py_NewRef(po);
 }
 
 /*[clinic input]
@@ -394,8 +391,7 @@ static PyObject *
 _curses_panel_panel_window_impl(PyCursesPanelObject *self)
 /*[clinic end generated code: output=5f05940d4106b4cb input=6067353d2c307901]*/
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self->wo);
-    return (PyObject *)self->wo;
+    return Py_NewRef(self->wo);
 }
 
 /*[clinic input]
@@ -428,8 +424,7 @@ _curses_panel_panel_replace_impl(PyCursesPanelObject *self,
         PyErr_SetString(state->PyCursesError, "replace_panel() returned ERR");
         return NULL;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(win);
-    Py_SETREF(po->wo, win);
+    Py_SETREF(po->wo, Py_NewRef(win));
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
 
@@ -486,8 +481,7 @@ _curses_panel_panel_userptr_impl(PyCursesPanelObject *self,
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    Py_INCREF(obj);
-    return obj;
+    return Py_NewRef(obj);
 }
 
 
@@ -555,8 +549,7 @@ _curses_panel_bottom_panel_impl(PyObject *module)
                         "panel_above: can't find Panel Object");
         return NULL;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(po);
-    return (PyObject *)po;
+    return Py_NewRef(po);
 }
 
 /*[clinic input]
@@ -614,8 +607,7 @@ _curses_panel_top_panel_impl(PyObject *module)
                         "panel_below: can't find Panel Object");
         return NULL;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(po);
-    return (PyObject *)po;
+    return Py_NewRef(po);
 }
 
 /*[clinic input]
@@ -670,8 +662,7 @@ _curses_panel_exec(PyObject *mod)
     state->PyCursesError = PyErr_NewException(
         "_curses_panel.error", NULL, NULL);
 
-    Py_INCREF(state->PyCursesError);
-    if (PyModule_AddObject(mod, "error", state->PyCursesError) < 0) {
+    if (PyModule_AddObject(mod, "error", Py_NewRef(state->PyCursesError)) < 0) {
         Py_DECREF(state->PyCursesError);
         return -1;
     }
diff --git a/Modules/_cursesmodule.c b/Modules/_cursesmodule.c
index 0ddd6dc7646..5146b4004a1 100644
--- a/Modules/_cursesmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_cursesmodule.c
@@ -389,8 +389,7 @@ PyCurses_ConvertToString(PyCursesWindowObject *win, PyObject *obj,
 #endif
     }
     else if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
-        Py_INCREF(obj);
-        *bytes = obj;
+        *bytes = Py_NewRef(obj);
         /* check for embedded null bytes */
         if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(*bytes, &str, NULL) < 0) {
             Py_DECREF(obj);
diff --git a/Modules/_dbmmodule.c b/Modules/_dbmmodule.c
index 9c83e380afd..54376022dcb 100644
--- a/Modules/_dbmmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_dbmmodule.c
@@ -358,8 +358,7 @@ _dbm_dbm_get_impl(dbmobject *self, PyTypeObject *cls, const char *key,
         return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(val.dptr, val.dsize);
     }
 
-    Py_INCREF(default_value);
-    return default_value;
+    return Py_NewRef(default_value);
 }
 
 /*[clinic input]
@@ -419,8 +418,7 @@ _dbm_dbm_setdefault_impl(dbmobject *self, PyTypeObject *cls, const char *key,
 static PyObject *
 dbm__enter__(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
diff --git a/Modules/_decimal/_decimal.c b/Modules/_decimal/_decimal.c
index 548bd601b0e..2d6e4e4d62b 100644
--- a/Modules/_decimal/_decimal.c
+++ b/Modules/_decimal/_decimal.c
@@ -116,15 +116,13 @@ static PyTypeObject PyDecContextManager_Type;
 Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
 incr_true(void)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(Py_True);
-    return Py_True;
+    return Py_NewRef(Py_True);
 }
 
 Py_LOCAL_INLINE(PyObject *)
 incr_false(void)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(Py_False);
-    return Py_False;
+    return Py_NewRef(Py_False);
 }
 
 
@@ -655,8 +653,7 @@ signaldict_richcompare(PyObject *v, PyObject *w, int op)
         }
     }
 
-    Py_INCREF(res);
-    return res;
+    return Py_NewRef(res);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -754,8 +751,7 @@ context_getround(PyObject *self, void *closure UNUSED)
 {
     int i = mpd_getround(CTX(self));
 
-    Py_INCREF(round_map[i]);
-    return round_map[i];
+    return Py_NewRef(round_map[i]);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -1122,13 +1118,11 @@ context_getattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *name)
     if (PyUnicode_Check(name)) {
         if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(name, "traps") == 0) {
             retval = ((PyDecContextObject *)self)->traps;
-            Py_INCREF(retval);
-            return retval;
+            return Py_NewRef(retval);
         }
         if (PyUnicode_CompareWithASCIIString(name, "flags") == 0) {
             retval = ((PyDecContextObject *)self)->flags;
-            Py_INCREF(retval);
-            return retval;
+            return Py_NewRef(retval);
         }
     }
 
@@ -1602,8 +1596,7 @@ PyDec_GetCurrentContext(PyObject *self UNUSED, PyObject *args UNUSED)
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    Py_INCREF(context);
-    return context;
+    return Py_NewRef(context);
 }
 
 /* Set the thread local context to a new context, decrement old reference */
@@ -1778,8 +1771,7 @@ ctxmanager_new(PyTypeObject *type UNUSED, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
         Py_DECREF(self);
         return NULL;
     }
-    self->global = global;
-    Py_INCREF(self->global);
+    self->global = Py_NewRef(global);
 
     int ret = context_setattrs(
         self->local, prec, rounding,
@@ -1814,8 +1806,7 @@ ctxmanager_set_local(PyDecContextManagerObject *self, PyObject *args UNUSED)
     }
     Py_DECREF(ret);
 
-    Py_INCREF(self->local);
-    return self->local;
+    return Py_NewRef(self->local);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -2418,8 +2409,7 @@ PyDecType_FromDecimalExact(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *v, PyObject *context)
     uint32_t status = 0;
 
     if (type == &PyDec_Type && PyDec_CheckExact(v)) {
-        Py_INCREF(v);
-        return v;
+        return Py_NewRef(v);
     }
 
     dec = PyDecType_New(type);
@@ -2440,8 +2430,7 @@ static PyObject *
 sequence_as_tuple(PyObject *v, PyObject *ex, const char *mesg)
 {
     if (PyTuple_Check(v)) {
-        Py_INCREF(v);
-        return v;
+        return Py_NewRef(v);
     }
     if (PyList_Check(v)) {
         return PyList_AsTuple(v);
@@ -2863,8 +2852,7 @@ convert_op(int type_err, PyObject **conv, PyObject *v, PyObject *context)
 {
 
     if (PyDec_Check(v)) {
-        *conv = v;
-        Py_INCREF(v);
+        *conv = Py_NewRef(v);
         return 1;
     }
     if (PyLong_Check(v)) {
@@ -2881,8 +2869,7 @@ convert_op(int type_err, PyObject **conv, PyObject *v, PyObject *context)
             Py_TYPE(v)->tp_name);
     }
     else {
-        Py_INCREF(Py_NotImplemented);
-        *conv = Py_NotImplemented;
+        *conv = Py_NewRef(Py_NotImplemented);
     }
     return 0;
 }
@@ -3041,8 +3028,7 @@ convert_op_cmp(PyObject **vcmp, PyObject **wcmp, PyObject *v, PyObject *w,
     *vcmp = v;
 
     if (PyDec_Check(w)) {
-        Py_INCREF(w);
-        *wcmp = w;
+        *wcmp = Py_NewRef(w);
     }
     else if (PyLong_Check(w)) {
         *wcmp = PyDec_FromLongExact(w, context);
@@ -3074,8 +3060,7 @@ convert_op_cmp(PyObject **vcmp, PyObject **wcmp, PyObject *v, PyObject *w,
             }
         }
         else {
-            Py_INCREF(Py_NotImplemented);
-            *wcmp = Py_NotImplemented;
+            *wcmp = Py_NewRef(Py_NotImplemented);
         }
     }
     else {
@@ -3093,8 +3078,7 @@ convert_op_cmp(PyObject **vcmp, PyObject **wcmp, PyObject *v, PyObject *w,
             }
         }
         else {
-            Py_INCREF(Py_NotImplemented);
-            *wcmp = Py_NotImplemented;
+            *wcmp = Py_NewRef(Py_NotImplemented);
         }
     }
 
@@ -4329,15 +4313,13 @@ dec_mpd_adjexp(PyObject *self, PyObject *dummy UNUSED)
 static PyObject *
 dec_canonical(PyObject *self, PyObject *dummy UNUSED)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
 dec_conjugate(PyObject *self, PyObject *dummy UNUSED)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -4654,8 +4636,7 @@ dec_complex(PyObject *self, PyObject *dummy UNUSED)
 static PyObject *
 dec_copy(PyObject *self, PyObject *dummy UNUSED)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 /* __floor__ */
@@ -4838,8 +4819,7 @@ dec_trunc(PyObject *self, PyObject *dummy UNUSED)
 static PyObject *
 dec_real(PyObject *self, void *closure UNUSED)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -5384,8 +5364,7 @@ ctx_canonical(PyObject *context UNUSED, PyObject *v)
         return NULL;
     }
 
-    Py_INCREF(v);
-    return v;
+    return Py_NewRef(v);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
@@ -5916,23 +5895,17 @@ PyInit__decimal(void)
     /* Create the module */
     ASSIGN_PTR(m, PyModule_Create(&_decimal_module));
 
-
     /* Add types to the module */
-    Py_INCREF(&PyDec_Type);
-    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "Decimal", (PyObject *)&PyDec_Type));
-    Py_INCREF(&PyDecContext_Type);
+    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "Decimal", Py_NewRef(&PyDec_Type)));
     CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "Context",
-                                 (PyObject *)&PyDecContext_Type));
-    Py_INCREF(DecimalTuple);
-    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "DecimalTuple", (PyObject *)DecimalTuple));
-
+                                 Py_NewRef(&PyDecContext_Type)));
+    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "DecimalTuple", Py_NewRef(DecimalTuple)));
 
     /* Create top level exception */
     ASSIGN_PTR(DecimalException, PyErr_NewException(
                                      "decimal.DecimalException",
                                      PyExc_ArithmeticError, NULL));
-    Py_INCREF(DecimalException);
-    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "DecimalException", DecimalException));
+    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "DecimalException", Py_NewRef(DecimalException)));
 
     /* Create signal tuple */
     ASSIGN_PTR(SignalTuple, PyTuple_New(SIGNAL_MAP_LEN));
@@ -5972,12 +5945,10 @@ PyInit__decimal(void)
         Py_DECREF(base);
 
         /* add to module */
-        Py_INCREF(cm->ex);
-        CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, cm->name, cm->ex));
+        CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, cm->name, Py_NewRef(cm->ex)));
 
         /* add to signal tuple */
-        Py_INCREF(cm->ex);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(SignalTuple, i, cm->ex);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(SignalTuple, i, Py_NewRef(cm->ex));
     }
 
     /*
@@ -6003,45 +5974,38 @@ PyInit__decimal(void)
         ASSIGN_PTR(cm->ex, PyErr_NewException(cm->fqname, base, NULL));
         Py_DECREF(base);
 
-        Py_INCREF(cm->ex);
-        CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, cm->name, cm->ex));
+        CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, cm->name, Py_NewRef(cm->ex)));
     }
 
 
     /* Init default context template first */
     ASSIGN_PTR(default_context_template,
                PyObject_CallObject((PyObject *)&PyDecContext_Type, NULL));
-    Py_INCREF(default_context_template);
     CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "DefaultContext",
-                                 default_context_template));
+                                 Py_NewRef(default_context_template)));
 
 #ifndef WITH_DECIMAL_CONTEXTVAR
     ASSIGN_PTR(tls_context_key, PyUnicode_FromString("___DECIMAL_CTX__"));
-    Py_INCREF(Py_False);
-    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "HAVE_CONTEXTVAR", Py_False));
+    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "HAVE_CONTEXTVAR", Py_NewRef(Py_False)));
 #else
     ASSIGN_PTR(current_context_var, PyContextVar_New("decimal_context", NULL));
-    Py_INCREF(Py_True);
-    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "HAVE_CONTEXTVAR", Py_True));
+    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "HAVE_CONTEXTVAR", Py_NewRef(Py_True)));
 #endif
-    Py_INCREF(Py_True);
-    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "HAVE_THREADS", Py_True));
+    CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "HAVE_THREADS", Py_NewRef(Py_True)));
 
     /* Init basic context template */
     ASSIGN_PTR(basic_context_template,
                PyObject_CallObject((PyObject *)&PyDecContext_Type, NULL));
     init_basic_context(basic_context_template);
-    Py_INCREF(basic_context_template);
     CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "BasicContext",
-                                 basic_context_template));
+                                 Py_NewRef(basic_context_template)));
 
     /* Init extended context template */
     ASSIGN_PTR(extended_context_template,
                PyObject_CallObject((PyObject *)&PyDecContext_Type, NULL));
     init_extended_context(extended_context_template);
-    Py_INCREF(extended_context_template);
     CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, "ExtendedContext",
-                                 extended_context_template));
+                                 Py_NewRef(extended_context_template)));
 
 
     /* Init mpd_ssize_t constants */
@@ -6060,8 +6024,7 @@ PyInit__decimal(void)
     /* Init string constants */
     for (i = 0; i < _PY_DEC_ROUND_GUARD; i++) {
         ASSIGN_PTR(round_map[i], PyUnicode_InternFromString(mpd_round_string[i]));
-        Py_INCREF(round_map[i]);
-        CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, mpd_round_string[i], round_map[i]));
+        CHECK_INT(PyModule_AddObject(m, mpd_round_string[i], Py_NewRef(round_map[i])));
     }
 
     /* Add specification version number */
diff --git a/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c b/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c
index e4036e16692..3aef296745a 100644
--- a/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_functoolsmodule.c
@@ -105,8 +105,7 @@ partial_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
     if (pto == NULL)
         return NULL;
 
-    pto->fn = func;
-    Py_INCREF(func);
+    pto->fn = Py_NewRef(func);
 
     nargs = PyTuple_GetSlice(args, 1, PY_SSIZE_T_MAX);
     if (nargs == NULL) {
@@ -131,8 +130,7 @@ partial_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
             pto->kw = PyDict_New();
         }
         else if (Py_REFCNT(kw) == 1) {
-            Py_INCREF(kw);
-            pto->kw = kw;
+            pto->kw = Py_NewRef(kw);
         }
         else {
             pto->kw = PyDict_Copy(kw);
@@ -302,8 +300,7 @@ partial_call(partialobject *pto, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
     PyObject *kwargs2;
     if (PyDict_GET_SIZE(pto->kw) == 0) {
         /* kwargs can be NULL */
-        kwargs2 = kwargs;
-        Py_XINCREF(kwargs2);
+        kwargs2 = Py_XNewRef(kwargs);
     }
     else {
         /* bpo-27840, bpo-29318: dictionary of keyword parameters must be
@@ -463,8 +460,7 @@ partial_setstate(partialobject *pto, PyObject *state)
     else
         Py_INCREF(dict);
 
-    Py_INCREF(fn);
-    Py_SETREF(pto->fn, fn);
+    Py_SETREF(pto->fn, Py_NewRef(fn));
     Py_SETREF(pto->args, fnargs);
     Py_SETREF(pto->kw, kw);
     Py_XSETREF(pto->dict, dict);
@@ -588,10 +584,8 @@ keyobject_call(keyobject *ko, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
     if (result == NULL) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    Py_INCREF(ko->cmp);
-    result->cmp = ko->cmp;
-    Py_INCREF(object);
-    result->object = object;
+    result->cmp = Py_NewRef(ko->cmp);
+    result->object = Py_NewRef(object);
     PyObject_GC_Track(result);
     return (PyObject *)result;
 }
@@ -654,8 +648,7 @@ _functools_cmp_to_key_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *mycmp)
     object = PyObject_GC_New(keyobject, state->keyobject_type);
     if (!object)
         return NULL;
-    Py_INCREF(mycmp);
-    object->cmp = mycmp;
+    object->cmp = Py_NewRef(mycmp);
     object->object = NULL;
     PyObject_GC_Track(object);
     return (PyObject *)object;
@@ -837,12 +830,10 @@ lru_cache_make_key(PyObject *kwd_mark, PyObject *args,
             if (PyUnicode_CheckExact(key) || PyLong_CheckExact(key)) {
                 /* For common scalar keys, save space by
                    dropping the enclosing args tuple  */
-                Py_INCREF(key);
-                return key;
+                return Py_NewRef(key);
             }
         }
-        Py_INCREF(args);
-        return args;
+        return Py_NewRef(args);
     }
 
     key_size = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
@@ -858,31 +849,25 @@ lru_cache_make_key(PyObject *kwd_mark, PyObject *args,
     key_pos = 0;
     for (pos = 0; pos < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); ++pos) {
         PyObject *item = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, pos);
-        Py_INCREF(item);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, item);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, Py_NewRef(item));
     }
     if (kwds_size) {
-        Py_INCREF(kwd_mark);
-        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, kwd_mark);
+        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, Py_NewRef(kwd_mark));
         for (pos = 0; PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &keyword, &value);) {
-            Py_INCREF(keyword);
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, keyword);
-            Py_INCREF(value);
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, value);
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, Py_NewRef(keyword));
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, Py_NewRef(value));
         }
         assert(key_pos == PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) + kwds_size * 2 + 1);
     }
     if (typed) {
         for (pos = 0; pos < PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args); ++pos) {
             PyObject *item = (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, pos));
-            Py_INCREF(item);
-            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, item);
+            PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, Py_NewRef(item));
         }
         if (kwds_size) {
             for (pos = 0; PyDict_Next(kwds, &pos, &keyword, &value);) {
                 PyObject *item = (PyObject *)Py_TYPE(value);
-                Py_INCREF(item);
-                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, item);
+                PyTuple_SET_ITEM(key, key_pos++, Py_NewRef(item));
             }
         }
     }
@@ -1084,8 +1069,7 @@ bounded_lru_cache_wrapper(lru_cache_object *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds
             return NULL;
         }
         lru_cache_append_link(self, link);
-        Py_INCREF(result); /* for return */
-        return result;
+        return Py_NewRef(result);
     }
     /* Since the cache is full, we need to evict an old key and add
        a new key.  Rather than free the old link and allocate a new
@@ -1230,16 +1214,12 @@ lru_cache_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kw)
     obj->wrapper = wrapper;
     obj->typed = typed;
     obj->cache = cachedict;
-    Py_INCREF(func);
-    obj->func = func;
+    obj->func = Py_NewRef(func);
     obj->misses = obj->hits = 0;
     obj->maxsize = maxsize;
-    Py_INCREF(state->kwd_mark);
-    obj->kwd_mark = state->kwd_mark;
-    Py_INCREF(state->lru_list_elem_type);
-    obj->lru_list_elem_type = state->lru_list_elem_type;
-    Py_INCREF(cache_info_type);
-    obj->cache_info_type = cache_info_type;
+    obj->kwd_mark = Py_NewRef(state->kwd_mark);
+    obj->lru_list_elem_type = (PyTypeObject*)Py_NewRef(state->lru_list_elem_type);
+    obj->cache_info_type = Py_NewRef(cache_info_type);
     obj->dict = NULL;
     obj->weakreflist = NULL;
     return (PyObject *)obj;
@@ -1306,8 +1286,7 @@ static PyObject *
 lru_cache_descr_get(PyObject *self, PyObject *obj, PyObject *type)
 {
     if (obj == Py_None || obj == NULL) {
-        Py_INCREF(self);
-        return self;
+        return Py_NewRef(self);
     }
     return PyMethod_New(self, obj);
 }
@@ -1360,15 +1339,13 @@ lru_cache_reduce(PyObject *self, PyObject *unused)
 static PyObject *
 lru_cache_copy(PyObject *self, PyObject *unused)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
 lru_cache_deepcopy(PyObject *self, PyObject *unused)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 static int
diff --git a/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c b/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c
index a96d32306d5..e8469da0fed 100644
--- a/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_gdbmmodule.c
@@ -256,8 +256,7 @@ _gdbm_gdbm_get_impl(gdbmobject *self, PyObject *key, PyObject *default_value)
     res = gdbm_subscript(self, key);
     if (res == NULL && PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_KeyError)) {
         PyErr_Clear();
-        Py_INCREF(default_value);
-        return default_value;
+        return Py_NewRef(default_value);
     }
     return res;
 }
@@ -566,8 +565,7 @@ _gdbm_gdbm_sync_impl(gdbmobject *self, PyTypeObject *cls)
 static PyObject *
 gdbm__enter__(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
 {
-    Py_INCREF(self);
-    return self;
+    return Py_NewRef(self);
 }
 
 static PyObject *
diff --git a/Modules/_heapqmodule.c b/Modules/_heapqmodule.c
index 3dbaaa0a0da..07ddc7b0851 100644
--- a/Modules/_heapqmodule.c
+++ b/Modules/_heapqmodule.c
@@ -197,8 +197,7 @@ heapreplace_internal(PyObject *heap, PyObject *item, int siftup_func(PyListObjec
     }
 
     returnitem = PyList_GET_ITEM(heap, 0);
-    Py_INCREF(item);
-    PyList_SET_ITEM(heap, 0, item);
+    PyList_SET_ITEM(heap, 0, Py_NewRef(item));
     if (siftup_func((PyListObject *)heap, 0)) {
         Py_DECREF(returnitem);
         return NULL;
@@ -253,8 +252,7 @@ _heapq_heappushpop_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *heap, PyObject *item)
     int cmp;
 
     if (PyList_GET_SIZE(heap) == 0) {
-        Py_INCREF(item);
-        return item;
+        return Py_NewRef(item);
     }
 
     PyObject* top = PyList_GET_ITEM(heap, 0);
@@ -264,8 +262,7 @@ _heapq_heappushpop_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *heap, PyObject *item)
     if (cmp < 0)
         return NULL;
     if (cmp == 0) {
-        Py_INCREF(item);
-        return item;
+        return Py_NewRef(item);
     }
 
     if (PyList_GET_SIZE(heap) == 0) {
@@ -274,8 +271,7 @@ _heapq_heappushpop_impl(PyObject *module, PyObject *heap, PyObject *item)
     }
 
     returnitem = PyList_GET_ITEM(heap, 0);
-    Py_INCREF(item);
-    PyList_SET_ITEM(heap, 0, item);
+    PyList_SET_ITEM(heap, 0, Py_NewRef(item));
     if (siftup((PyListObject *)heap, 0)) {
         Py_DECREF(returnitem);
         return NULL;
@@ -410,8 +406,7 @@ siftdown_max(PyListObject *heap, Py_ssize_t startpos, Py_ssize_t pos)
     newitem = arr[pos];
     while (pos > startpos) {
         parentpos = (pos - 1) >> 1;
-        parent = arr[parentpos];
-        Py_INCREF(parent);
+        parent = Py_NewRef(arr[parentpos]);
         Py_INCREF(newitem);
         cmp = PyObject_RichCompareBool(parent, newitem, Py_LT);
         Py_DECREF(parent);