cpython/Doc/library/math.rst

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:mod:`math` --- Mathematical functions
======================================
.. module:: math
:synopsis: Mathematical functions (sin() etc.).
This module is always available. It provides access to the mathematical
functions defined by the C standard.
These functions cannot be used with complex numbers; use the functions of the
same name from the :mod:`cmath` module if you require support for complex
numbers. The distinction between functions which support complex numbers and
those which don't is made since most users do not want to learn quite as much
mathematics as required to understand complex numbers. Receiving an exception
instead of a complex result allows earlier detection of the unexpected complex
number used as a parameter, so that the programmer can determine how and why it
was generated in the first place.
The following functions are provided by this module. Except when explicitly
noted otherwise, all return values are floats.
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Number-theoretic and representation functions
---------------------------------------------
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.. function:: ceil(x)
Return the ceiling of *x* as a float, the smallest integer value greater than or
equal to *x*.
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.. function:: copysign(x, y)
Return *x* with the sign of *y*. On a platform that supports
signed zeros, ``copysign(1.0, -0.0)`` returns *-1.0*.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. function:: fabs(x)
Return the absolute value of *x*.
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.. function:: factorial(x)
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Return *x* factorial. Raises :exc:`ValueError` if *x* is not integral or
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is negative.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. function:: floor(x)
Return the floor of *x* as a float, the largest integer value less than or equal
to *x*.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
Added :meth:`__floor__` delegation.
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.. function:: fmod(x, y)
Return ``fmod(x, y)``, as defined by the platform C library. Note that the
Python expression ``x % y`` may not return the same result. The intent of the C
standard is that ``fmod(x, y)`` be exactly (mathematically; to infinite
precision) equal to ``x - n*y`` for some integer *n* such that the result has
the same sign as *x* and magnitude less than ``abs(y)``. Python's ``x % y``
returns a result with the sign of *y* instead, and may not be exactly computable
for float arguments. For example, ``fmod(-1e-100, 1e100)`` is ``-1e-100``, but
the result of Python's ``-1e-100 % 1e100`` is ``1e100-1e-100``, which cannot be
represented exactly as a float, and rounds to the surprising ``1e100``. For
this reason, function :func:`fmod` is generally preferred when working with
floats, while Python's ``x % y`` is preferred when working with integers.
.. function:: frexp(x)
Return the mantissa and exponent of *x* as the pair ``(m, e)``. *m* is a float
and *e* is an integer such that ``x == m * 2**e`` exactly. If *x* is zero,
returns ``(0.0, 0)``, otherwise ``0.5 <= abs(m) < 1``. This is used to "pick
apart" the internal representation of a float in a portable way.
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.. function:: fsum(iterable)
Return an accurate floating point sum of values in the iterable. Avoids
loss of precision by tracking multiple intermediate partial sums::
>>> sum([.1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1])
0.99999999999999989
>>> fsum([.1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1, .1])
1.0
The algorithm's accuracy depends on IEEE-754 arithmetic guarantees and the
typical case where the rounding mode is half-even. On some non-Windows
builds, the underlying C library uses extended precision addition and may
occasionally double-round an intermediate sum causing it to be off in its
least significant bit.
For further discussion and two alternative approaches, see the `ASPN cookbook
recipes for accurate floating point summation
<http://code.activestate.com/recipes/393090/>`_\.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. function:: isinf(x)
Check if the float *x* is positive or negative infinity.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. function:: isnan(x)
Check if the float *x* is a NaN (not a number). For more information
on NaNs, see the IEEE 754 standards.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. function:: ldexp(x, i)
Return ``x * (2**i)``. This is essentially the inverse of function
:func:`frexp`.
.. function:: modf(x)
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Return the fractional and integer parts of *x*. Both results carry the sign
of *x* and are floats.
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.. function:: trunc(x)
Return the :class:`Real` value *x* truncated to an :class:`Integral` (usually
a long integer). Delegates to ``x.__trunc__()``.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
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Note that :func:`frexp` and :func:`modf` have a different call/return pattern
than their C equivalents: they take a single argument and return a pair of
values, rather than returning their second return value through an 'output
parameter' (there is no such thing in Python).
For the :func:`ceil`, :func:`floor`, and :func:`modf` functions, note that *all*
floating-point numbers of sufficiently large magnitude are exact integers.
Python floats typically carry no more than 53 bits of precision (the same as the
platform C double type), in which case any float *x* with ``abs(x) >= 2**52``
necessarily has no fractional bits.
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Power and logarithmic functions
-------------------------------
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.. function:: exp(x)
Return ``e**x``.
.. function:: log(x[, base])
Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r74492 | r.david.murray | 2009-08-17 21:26:49 +0200 (Mo, 17 Aug 2009) | 2 lines Issue 6685: 'toupper' -> 'upper' in cgi doc example explanation. ........ r74531 | vinay.sajip | 2009-08-21 00:04:32 +0200 (Fr, 21 Aug 2009) | 1 line Added section on exceptions raised during logging. ........ r74545 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:14:29 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6772: mention utf-8 as utf8 alias. ........ r74546 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:20:40 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6725: spell "namespace" consistently. ........ r74547 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:22:05 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6718: fix example. ........ r74548 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:24:27 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6677: mention "deleting" as an alias for removing files. ........ r74549 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-08-24 19:42:36 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line fix pdf building by teaching latex the right encoding package ........ r74550 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:48:40 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6677: note that rmdir only removes empty directories. ........ r74553 | r.david.murray | 2009-08-27 03:04:59 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 2 lines Remove leftover text from end of sentence. ........ r74554 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-27 20:59:02 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 1 line Typo fix. ........ r74555 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-27 21:02:43 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6787: reference fix. ........ r74588 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-30 10:35:01 +0200 (So, 30 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6803: fix old name. ........ r74603 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-31 08:38:29 +0200 (Mo, 31 Aug 2009) | 1 line other -> others where multiple arguments are accepted. ........ r74608 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-08-31 18:40:27 +0200 (Mo, 31 Aug 2009) | 3 lines Doc fix for the issue2637. ........ r74614 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:40:54 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6813: better documentation for numberless string formats. ........ r74616 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:46:26 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6808: clarification. ........ r74617 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:53:37 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6765: hint that log(x, base) is not very sophisticated. ........ r74618 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 10:00:47 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6810: add a link to the section about frame objects instead of just a description where to find it. ........ r74631 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-02 22:37:16 +0200 (Mi, 02 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6821: fix signature of PyBuffer_Release(). ........ r74632 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-03 09:27:26 +0200 (Do, 03 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6828: fix wrongly highlighted blocks. ........ r74633 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-03 14:31:39 +0200 (Do, 03 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6757: complete the list of types that marshal can serialize. ........ r74652 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-04 13:25:37 +0200 (Fr, 04 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6756: add some info about the "acct" parameter. ........ r74653 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-04 13:32:18 +0200 (Fr, 04 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6777: dont discourage usage of Exception.args or promote usage of Exception.message. ........ r74666 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-05 11:04:09 +0200 (Sa, 05 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6841: remove duplicated word. ........ r74671 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-05 18:47:17 +0200 (Sa, 05 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6843: add link from filterwarnings to where the meaning of the arguments is covered. ........ r74737 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-09 18:49:13 +0200 (Mi, 09 Sep 2009) | 1 line Properly document copy and deepcopy as functions. ........ r74739 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-11 09:55:20 +0200 (Fr, 11 Sep 2009) | 1 line Move function back to its section. ........ r74779 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 18:13:36 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Change to tutorial wording for reading text / binary files on Windows. Issue #6301. ........ r74781 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 18:46:19 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Note that sys._getframe is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python, and a corresponding note in inspect.currentframe. Issue 6712. ........ r74782 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 19:07:46 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Tutorial tweaks. Issue 6849. ........ r74784 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-13 20:15:07 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Typo fix. ........ r74791 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-14 16:08:54 +0200 (Mo, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6574: list the future features in a table. ........ r74793 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-14 16:50:47 +0200 (Mo, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6908: fix association of hashlib hash attributes. ........ r74818 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:23:04 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6880: add reference to classes section in exceptions section, which comes earlier. ........ r74819 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:24:57 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6876: fix base class constructor invocation in example. ........ r74820 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:30:48 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6891: comment out dead link to Unicode article. ........ r74822 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 12:12:06 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #5621: refactor description of how class/instance attributes interact on a.x=a.x+1 or augassign. ........ r74832 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 17:57:46 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line Rewrap long lines. ........
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With one argument, return the natural logarithm of *x* (to base *e*).
With two arguments, return the logarithm of *x* to the given *base*,
calculated as ``log(x)/log(base)``.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.3
*base* argument added.
.. function:: log1p(x)
Return the natural logarithm of *1+x* (base *e*). The
result is calculated in a way which is accurate for *x* near zero.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
2007-08-15 11:28:01 -03:00
.. function:: log10(x)
Merged revisions 74492,74531,74545-74550,74553-74555,74588,74603,74608,74614,74616-74618,74631-74633,74652-74653,74666,74671,74737,74739,74779,74781-74782,74784,74791,74793,74818-74820,74822,74832 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r74492 | r.david.murray | 2009-08-17 21:26:49 +0200 (Mo, 17 Aug 2009) | 2 lines Issue 6685: 'toupper' -> 'upper' in cgi doc example explanation. ........ r74531 | vinay.sajip | 2009-08-21 00:04:32 +0200 (Fr, 21 Aug 2009) | 1 line Added section on exceptions raised during logging. ........ r74545 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:14:29 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6772: mention utf-8 as utf8 alias. ........ r74546 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:20:40 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6725: spell "namespace" consistently. ........ r74547 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:22:05 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6718: fix example. ........ r74548 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:24:27 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6677: mention "deleting" as an alias for removing files. ........ r74549 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-08-24 19:42:36 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line fix pdf building by teaching latex the right encoding package ........ r74550 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-24 19:48:40 +0200 (Mo, 24 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6677: note that rmdir only removes empty directories. ........ r74553 | r.david.murray | 2009-08-27 03:04:59 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 2 lines Remove leftover text from end of sentence. ........ r74554 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-27 20:59:02 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 1 line Typo fix. ........ r74555 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-27 21:02:43 +0200 (Do, 27 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6787: reference fix. ........ r74588 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-30 10:35:01 +0200 (So, 30 Aug 2009) | 1 line #6803: fix old name. ........ r74603 | georg.brandl | 2009-08-31 08:38:29 +0200 (Mo, 31 Aug 2009) | 1 line other -> others where multiple arguments are accepted. ........ r74608 | senthil.kumaran | 2009-08-31 18:40:27 +0200 (Mo, 31 Aug 2009) | 3 lines Doc fix for the issue2637. ........ r74614 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:40:54 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6813: better documentation for numberless string formats. ........ r74616 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:46:26 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6808: clarification. ........ r74617 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 09:53:37 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6765: hint that log(x, base) is not very sophisticated. ........ r74618 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-01 10:00:47 +0200 (Di, 01 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6810: add a link to the section about frame objects instead of just a description where to find it. ........ r74631 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-02 22:37:16 +0200 (Mi, 02 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6821: fix signature of PyBuffer_Release(). ........ r74632 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-03 09:27:26 +0200 (Do, 03 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6828: fix wrongly highlighted blocks. ........ r74633 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-03 14:31:39 +0200 (Do, 03 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6757: complete the list of types that marshal can serialize. ........ r74652 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-04 13:25:37 +0200 (Fr, 04 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6756: add some info about the "acct" parameter. ........ r74653 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-04 13:32:18 +0200 (Fr, 04 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6777: dont discourage usage of Exception.args or promote usage of Exception.message. ........ r74666 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-05 11:04:09 +0200 (Sa, 05 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6841: remove duplicated word. ........ r74671 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-05 18:47:17 +0200 (Sa, 05 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6843: add link from filterwarnings to where the meaning of the arguments is covered. ........ r74737 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-09 18:49:13 +0200 (Mi, 09 Sep 2009) | 1 line Properly document copy and deepcopy as functions. ........ r74739 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-11 09:55:20 +0200 (Fr, 11 Sep 2009) | 1 line Move function back to its section. ........ r74779 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 18:13:36 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Change to tutorial wording for reading text / binary files on Windows. Issue #6301. ........ r74781 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 18:46:19 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Note that sys._getframe is not guaranteed to exist in all implementations of Python, and a corresponding note in inspect.currentframe. Issue 6712. ........ r74782 | michael.foord | 2009-09-13 19:07:46 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Tutorial tweaks. Issue 6849. ........ r74784 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-13 20:15:07 +0200 (So, 13 Sep 2009) | 1 line Typo fix. ........ r74791 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-14 16:08:54 +0200 (Mo, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6574: list the future features in a table. ........ r74793 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-14 16:50:47 +0200 (Mo, 14 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6908: fix association of hashlib hash attributes. ........ r74818 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:23:04 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6880: add reference to classes section in exceptions section, which comes earlier. ........ r74819 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:24:57 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6876: fix base class constructor invocation in example. ........ r74820 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 11:30:48 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #6891: comment out dead link to Unicode article. ........ r74822 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 12:12:06 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line #5621: refactor description of how class/instance attributes interact on a.x=a.x+1 or augassign. ........ r74832 | georg.brandl | 2009-09-16 17:57:46 +0200 (Mi, 16 Sep 2009) | 1 line Rewrap long lines. ........
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Return the base-10 logarithm of *x*. This is usually more accurate
than ``log(x, 10)``.
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.. function:: pow(x, y)
Return ``x`` raised to the power ``y``. Exceptional cases follow
Annex 'F' of the C99 standard as far as possible. In particular,
``pow(1.0, x)`` and ``pow(x, 0.0)`` always return ``1.0``, even
when ``x`` is a zero or a NaN. If both ``x`` and ``y`` are finite,
``x`` is negative, and ``y`` is not an integer then ``pow(x, y)``
is undefined, and raises :exc:`ValueError`.
.. versionchanged:: 2.6
The outcome of ``1**nan`` and ``nan**0`` was undefined.
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.. function:: sqrt(x)
Return the square root of *x*.
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67746,67748,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67832,67848-67849,67859,67862-67864,67880,67882,67885,67889-67892,67895 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ................ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ................ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ................ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ................ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ................ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ................ r67746 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-13 17:12:30 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 3 lines Issue #4163: Use unicode-friendly word splitting in the textwrap functions when given an unicode string. ................ r67748 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-13 19:46:11 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove has_key usage ................ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ................ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ................ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ................ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ................ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ................ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ................ r67832 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-17 16:46:54 -0600 (Wed, 17 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Issue #2467: gc.DEBUG_STATS reports invalid elapsed times. Patch by Neil Schemenauer, very slightly modified. ................ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ................ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ................ r67859 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-19 16:56:48 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #4700: crtlicense.txt is displayed by the license() command and should be kept ascii-only. Will port to 3.0 ................ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ................ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ................ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ................ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ................ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ................ r67885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 17:48:54 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line silence annoying DeprecationWarning ................ r67889 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:04:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line sphinx.web is long gone ................ r67890 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:12:26 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line update readme ................ r67891 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:14:47 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line there are way too many places which need to have the current version added ................ r67892 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:29:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Merged revisions 67809 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r67809 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-15 21:54:45 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix logic error ........ ................ r67895 | neal.norwitz | 2008-12-21 08:28:32 -0600 (Sun, 21 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add Tarek for work on distutils. ................
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Trigonometric functions
-----------------------
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.. function:: acos(x)
Return the arc cosine of *x*, in radians.
.. function:: asin(x)
Return the arc sine of *x*, in radians.
.. function:: atan(x)
Return the arc tangent of *x*, in radians.
.. function:: atan2(y, x)
Return ``atan(y / x)``, in radians. The result is between ``-pi`` and ``pi``.
The vector in the plane from the origin to point ``(x, y)`` makes this angle
with the positive X axis. The point of :func:`atan2` is that the signs of both
inputs are known to it, so it can compute the correct quadrant for the angle.
For example, ``atan(1)`` and ``atan2(1, 1)`` are both ``pi/4``, but ``atan2(-1,
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-1)`` is ``-3*pi/4``.
.. function:: cos(x)
Return the cosine of *x* radians.
.. function:: hypot(x, y)
Return the Euclidean norm, ``sqrt(x*x + y*y)``. This is the length of the vector
from the origin to point ``(x, y)``.
.. function:: sin(x)
Return the sine of *x* radians.
.. function:: tan(x)
Return the tangent of *x* radians.
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67746,67748,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67832,67848-67849,67859,67862-67864,67880,67882,67885,67889-67892,67895 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ................ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ................ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ................ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ................ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ................ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ................ r67746 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-13 17:12:30 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 3 lines Issue #4163: Use unicode-friendly word splitting in the textwrap functions when given an unicode string. ................ r67748 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-13 19:46:11 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove has_key usage ................ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ................ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ................ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ................ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ................ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ................ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ................ r67832 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-17 16:46:54 -0600 (Wed, 17 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Issue #2467: gc.DEBUG_STATS reports invalid elapsed times. Patch by Neil Schemenauer, very slightly modified. ................ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ................ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ................ r67859 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-19 16:56:48 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #4700: crtlicense.txt is displayed by the license() command and should be kept ascii-only. Will port to 3.0 ................ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ................ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ................ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ................ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ................ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ................ r67885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 17:48:54 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line silence annoying DeprecationWarning ................ r67889 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:04:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line sphinx.web is long gone ................ r67890 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:12:26 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line update readme ................ r67891 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:14:47 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line there are way too many places which need to have the current version added ................ r67892 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:29:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Merged revisions 67809 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r67809 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-15 21:54:45 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix logic error ........ ................ r67895 | neal.norwitz | 2008-12-21 08:28:32 -0600 (Sun, 21 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add Tarek for work on distutils. ................
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Angular conversion
------------------
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.. function:: degrees(x)
Converts angle *x* from radians to degrees.
.. function:: radians(x)
Converts angle *x* from degrees to radians.
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67746,67748,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67832,67848-67849,67859,67862-67864,67880,67882,67885,67889-67892,67895 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ................ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ................ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ................ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ................ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ................ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ................ r67746 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-13 17:12:30 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 3 lines Issue #4163: Use unicode-friendly word splitting in the textwrap functions when given an unicode string. ................ r67748 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-13 19:46:11 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove has_key usage ................ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ................ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ................ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ................ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ................ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ................ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ................ r67832 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-17 16:46:54 -0600 (Wed, 17 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Issue #2467: gc.DEBUG_STATS reports invalid elapsed times. Patch by Neil Schemenauer, very slightly modified. ................ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ................ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ................ r67859 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-19 16:56:48 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #4700: crtlicense.txt is displayed by the license() command and should be kept ascii-only. Will port to 3.0 ................ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ................ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ................ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ................ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ................ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ................ r67885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 17:48:54 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line silence annoying DeprecationWarning ................ r67889 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:04:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line sphinx.web is long gone ................ r67890 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:12:26 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line update readme ................ r67891 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:14:47 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line there are way too many places which need to have the current version added ................ r67892 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:29:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Merged revisions 67809 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r67809 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-15 21:54:45 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix logic error ........ ................ r67895 | neal.norwitz | 2008-12-21 08:28:32 -0600 (Sun, 21 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add Tarek for work on distutils. ................
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Hyperbolic functions
--------------------
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.. function:: acosh(x)
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Return the inverse hyperbolic cosine of *x*.
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.. versionadded:: 2.6
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.. function:: asinh(x)
Return the inverse hyperbolic sine of *x*.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. function:: atanh(x)
Return the inverse hyperbolic tangent of *x*.
.. versionadded:: 2.6
.. function:: cosh(x)
Return the hyperbolic cosine of *x*.
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.. function:: sinh(x)
Return the hyperbolic sine of *x*.
.. function:: tanh(x)
Return the hyperbolic tangent of *x*.
Merged revisions 67654,67676-67677,67681,67692,67725,67746,67748,67761,67784-67785,67787-67788,67802,67832,67848-67849,67859,67862-67864,67880,67882,67885,67889-67892,67895 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ................ r67654 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-07 16:42:09 -0600 (Sun, 07 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4457: rewrite __import__() documentation. ................ r67676 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:03:03 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line specify how things are copied ................ r67677 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-08 20:05:11 -0600 (Mon, 08 Dec 2008) | 1 line revert unrelated change to installer script ................ r67681 | jeremy.hylton | 2008-12-09 15:03:10 -0600 (Tue, 09 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add simple unittests for Request ................ r67692 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-10 18:03:42 -0600 (Wed, 10 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #1030250: correctly pass the dry_run option to the mkpath() function. ................ r67725 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-12 22:02:20 -0600 (Fri, 12 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix incorrect example ................ r67746 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-13 17:12:30 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 3 lines Issue #4163: Use unicode-friendly word splitting in the textwrap functions when given an unicode string. ................ r67748 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-13 19:46:11 -0600 (Sat, 13 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove has_key usage ................ r67761 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-14 11:26:04 -0600 (Sun, 14 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix missing bracket ................ r67784 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:33:58 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4446: document "platforms" argument for setup(). ................ r67785 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:36:11 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4611: fix typo. ................ r67787 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 02:58:59 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4578: fix has_key() usage in compiler package. ................ r67788 | georg.brandl | 2008-12-15 03:07:39 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 2 lines #4568: remove limitation in varargs callback example. ................ r67802 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-15 16:29:14 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #3632: the "pyo" macro from gdbinit can now run when the GIL is released. Patch by haypo. ................ r67832 | antoine.pitrou | 2008-12-17 16:46:54 -0600 (Wed, 17 Dec 2008) | 4 lines Issue #2467: gc.DEBUG_STATS reports invalid elapsed times. Patch by Neil Schemenauer, very slightly modified. ................ r67848 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:28:56 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix typo ................ r67849 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-18 20:31:35 -0600 (Thu, 18 Dec 2008) | 1 line _call_method -> _callmethod and _get_value to _getvalue ................ r67859 | amaury.forgeotdarc | 2008-12-19 16:56:48 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 4 lines #4700: crtlicense.txt is displayed by the license() command and should be kept ascii-only. Will port to 3.0 ................ r67862 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:48:02 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line copy sentence from docstring ................ r67863 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:51:26 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line add headings ................ r67864 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-19 20:57:19 -0600 (Fri, 19 Dec 2008) | 1 line beef up docstring ................ r67880 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:49:24 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line remove redundant sentence ................ r67882 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 16:59:49 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line add some recent releases to the list ................ r67885 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 17:48:54 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line silence annoying DeprecationWarning ................ r67889 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:04:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line sphinx.web is long gone ................ r67890 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:12:26 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line update readme ................ r67891 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:14:47 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 1 line there are way too many places which need to have the current version added ................ r67892 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-20 19:29:32 -0600 (Sat, 20 Dec 2008) | 9 lines Merged revisions 67809 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/sandbox/trunk/2to3/lib2to3 ........ r67809 | benjamin.peterson | 2008-12-15 21:54:45 -0600 (Mon, 15 Dec 2008) | 1 line fix logic error ........ ................ r67895 | neal.norwitz | 2008-12-21 08:28:32 -0600 (Sun, 21 Dec 2008) | 2 lines Add Tarek for work on distutils. ................
2008-12-21 13:01:26 -04:00
Constants
---------
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.. data:: pi
The mathematical constant π = 3.141592..., to available precision.
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.. data:: e
The mathematical constant e = 2.718281..., to available precision.
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Merged revisions 75363,75365,75376,75392,75394,75403,75418,75484,75572,75580,75590,75592,75594-75596,75600,75602-75603,75605-75607,75610-75613,75616-75617,75623,75627,75647 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r75363 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-11 20:31:23 +0200 (So, 11 Okt 2009) | 1 line Add the Python FAQ lists to the documentation. Copied from sandbox/faq. Many thanks to AMK for the preparation work. ........ r75365 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-11 22:16:16 +0200 (So, 11 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix broken links found by "make linkcheck". scipy.org seems to be done right now, so I could not verify links going there. ........ r75376 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-12 03:26:07 +0200 (Mo, 12 Okt 2009) | 1 line platform we don't care about ........ r75392 | andrew.kuchling | 2009-10-13 18:11:49 +0200 (Di, 13 Okt 2009) | 1 line Various link, textual, and markup fixes ........ r75394 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-13 20:10:59 +0200 (Di, 13 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix markup. ........ r75403 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-14 17:57:46 +0200 (Mi, 14 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7126: os.environ changes *do* take effect in subprocesses started with os.system(). ........ r75418 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-14 20:48:32 +0200 (Mi, 14 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7116: str.join() takes an iterable. ........ r75484 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-18 09:58:12 +0200 (So, 18 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix missing word. ........ r75572 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-20 23:55:17 +0200 (Di, 20 Okt 2009) | 1 line clarify buffer arg #7178 ........ r75580 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-21 09:15:59 +0200 (Mi, 21 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7170: fix explanation about non-weakrefable builtin types. ........ r75590 | benjamin.peterson | 2009-10-22 04:36:47 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line rewrite to be nice to other implementations ........ r75592 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 09:05:48 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix punctuation. ........ r75594 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 09:56:02 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix markup. ........ r75595 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 09:56:56 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix duplicate target. ........ r75596 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 10:05:04 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Add a new directive marking up implementation details and start using it. ........ r75600 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:01:46 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Make it more robust. ........ r75602 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:28:06 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Document new directive. ........ r75603 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:28:23 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Allow short form with text as argument. ........ r75605 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 13:48:10 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Use "impl-detail" directive where applicable. ........ r75606 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:00:06 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #6324: membership test tries iteration via __iter__. ........ r75607 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:04:09 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7088: document new functions in signal as Unix-only. ........ r75610 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:27:24 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Reorder __slots__ fine print and add a clarification. ........ r75611 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:42:32 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7035: improve docs of the various <method>_errors() functions, and give them docstrings. ........ r75612 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:52:15 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7156: document curses as Unix-only. ........ r75613 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 17:54:35 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line #6977: getopt does not support optional option arguments. ........ r75616 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 18:17:05 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Add proper references. ........ r75617 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-22 18:20:55 +0200 (Do, 22 Okt 2009) | 1 line Make printout margin important. ........ r75623 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-23 10:14:44 +0200 (Fr, 23 Okt 2009) | 1 line #7188: fix optionxform() docs. ........ r75627 | fred.drake | 2009-10-23 15:04:51 +0200 (Fr, 23 Okt 2009) | 2 lines add further note about what's passed to optionxform ........ r75647 | georg.brandl | 2009-10-24 12:04:19 +0200 (Sa, 24 Okt 2009) | 1 line Fix markup. ........
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.. impl-detail::
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The :mod:`math` module consists mostly of thin wrappers around the platform C
math library functions. Behavior in exceptional cases follows Annex F of
the C99 standard where appropriate. The current implementation will raise
:exc:`ValueError` for invalid operations like ``sqrt(-1.0)`` or ``log(0.0)``
(where C99 Annex F recommends signaling invalid operation or divide-by-zero),
and :exc:`OverflowError` for results that overflow (for example,
``exp(1000.0)``). A NaN will not be returned from any of the functions
above unless one or more of the input arguments was a NaN; in that case,
most functions will return a NaN, but (again following C99 Annex F) there
are some exceptions to this rule, for example ``pow(float('nan'), 0.0)`` or
``hypot(float('nan'), float('inf'))``.
Note that Python makes no effort to distinguish signaling NaNs from
quiet NaNs, and behavior for signaling NaNs remains unspecified.
Typical behavior is to treat all NaNs as though they were quiet.
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.. versionchanged:: 2.6
Behavior in special cases now aims to follow C99 Annex F. In earlier
versions of Python the behavior in special cases was loosely specified.
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.. seealso::
Module :mod:`cmath`
Complex number versions of many of these functions.